Table 7.
Treatments and outcomes of diabetic coronavirus disease 2019 patients using metformin and matched non-metformin, acarbose and matched non-acarbose
|
|
Metformin (n = 50)
|
Matched non-Metformin (n = 50)
|
Acarbose (n = 46)
|
Matched non-acarbose (n = 46)
|
| Treatments | ||||
| Antiviral therapy | 49 (98.0) | 42 (84.0)a | 41 (89.1) | 43 (93.5) |
| Antibiotic therapy | 45 (90.0) | 37 (74.0)a | 40 (87.0) | 40 (87.0) |
| systemic glucocorticoids | 17 (34.0) | 16 (32.0) | 12 (26.1) | 22 (47.8)e |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 15 (30.0) | 11 (22.0) | 11 (23.9) | 22 (47.8)e |
| Renal replacement therapy | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Insulin | 26 (52.0) | 10 (20.0)b | 23 (50.0) | 39 (84.8)g |
| Metformin | 50 | 0 | 21 (45.7) | 15 (32.6) |
| Sulfonylurea | 18 (36.0) | 1 (2.0)c | 17 (37.0) | 8 (17.4)e |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 3 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.5) | 3 (6.5) |
| Acarbose | 28 (56.0) | 3 (6.0)c | 46 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| thiazolidinedione | 6 (12.0) | 0 (0.0)a | 4 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Oxygen support | ||||
| Oxygenation | 32 (64.0) | 21 (42.0) | 30 (65.2) | 30 (65.2) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 6 (12.0) | 11 (22.0) | 3 (6.5) | 10 (21.7)e |
| Illness severity | ||||
| Severe | 14 (28.0) | 21 (42.0) | 12 (26.1) | 18 (39.1) |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS | 4 (8.0) | 8 (16.0) | 1 (2.2) | 8 (17.4)e |
| ACI | 1 (2.0) | 4 (8.0) | 2 (4.3) | 6 (13.0) |
| AKI | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) |
| Secondary infection | 8 (16.0) | 5 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.3) |
| Shock | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 10 (21.7)e |
| Hypoproteinemia < 30 g/L | 9 (18.0) | 5 (10.0) | 10 (21.7) | 6 (13.0) |
| Coagulopathy | 6 (12.0) | 9 (18.0) | 8 (17.4) | 10 (21.7) |
| Length of hospital stay, d | 17.60 ± 8.74 | 16.80 ± 10.51 | 18.37 ± 8.15 | 16.52 ± 9.96 |
| ICU admission | 6 (12.0) | 6 (12.0) | 3 (6.5) | 8 (17.4) |
| Duration from admission to ICU, d | 3.83 ± 2.04 | 2.83 ± 2.14 | 6.00 (3.50-6.00) | 2.50 (2.00-5.00) |
| Prognosis | ||||
| Discharged | 47 (94) | 41 (82) | 45 (97.8) | 34 (73.9)f |
| Death | 3 (6.0) | 9 (18) | 1 (2.2) | 12 (26.1) |
Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.
Comparison of metformin users and non-users:
a
P < 0.05.
b
P < 0.01.
c
P < 0.001.
Comparison of acarbose users and non-users:
e
P < 0.05.
f
P < 0.01.
g
P < 0.001.
ACI: Acute cardiac injury; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.