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. 2021 Oct 29:1–9. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s00521-021-06614-2

Table 7.

Results of deep learning models when trained on gold standard dataset

Classifier P R F A
CNN 0.9146 0.8737 0.8937 0.8968
RNN 0.9855 0.9882 0.9868 0.9869
BERT 0.9978 0.9978 0.9978 0.9977
BioBERT 0.9850 0.9973 0.9911 0.9908
RoBERTa 0.9967 0.9978 0.9973 0.9972