Table 3.
Estimated effects of age, sex, education, language, and information and communication technology (ICT) use (device) on the 7 eHealth literacy latent variables.
| eHealth literacy latent variable and eHealth Literacy Questionnaire scale | Total effecta | Direct effecta | Indirect effecta | Mediation proportion | |||||
| Ageb | |||||||||
|
|
1. Using technology to process health information | –0.32 (0.08)c,d | –0.22 (0.08) | –0.10 (0.02) | 0.31 | ||||
|
|
2. Understanding of health concepts and language | –0.05 (0.12) | –0.01 (0.12) | –0.05 (0.03) | N/Ae | ||||
|
|
3. Ability to actively engage with digital services | –0.37 (0.07) | –0.26 (0.07) | –0.12 (0.02) | 0.32 | ||||
|
|
4. Feel safe and in control | –0.01 (0.10) | 0.01 (0.10) | –0.02 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
|
|
5. Motivated to engage with digital services | –0.21 (0.09) | –0.13 (0.09) | –0.08 (0.03) | 0.38 | ||||
|
|
6. Access to digital services that work | –0.08 (0.10) | –0.03 (0.10) | –0.05 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
|
|
7. Digital services that suit individual needs | –0.21 (0.09) | –0.13 (0.10) | –0.08 (0.03) | 0.38 | ||||
| Sexf | |||||||||
|
|
1. Using technology to process health information | –0.04 (0.05) | –0.04 (0.05) | –0.01 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
2. Understanding of health concepts and language | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.07) | –0.00 (0.01) | N/A | ||||
|
|
3. Ability to actively engage with digital services | –0.06 (0.05) | –0.05 (0.05) | –0.01 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
4. Feel safe and in control | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.01) | N/A | ||||
|
|
5. Motivated to engage with digital services | –0.12 (0.06) | –0.11 (0.06) | –0.00 (0.01) | N/A | ||||
|
|
6. Access to digital services that work | –0.01 (0.06) | –0.08 (0.06) | –0.00 (0.01) | N/A | ||||
|
|
7. Digital services that suit individual needs | –0.09 (0.06) | –0.09 (0.06) | –0.00 (0.01) | N/A | ||||
| Educationg | |||||||||
|
|
1. Using technology to process health information | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.59 | ||||
|
|
2. Understanding of health concepts and language | 0.18 (0.13) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.04) | N/A | ||||
|
|
3. Ability to actively engage with digital services | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.56 | ||||
|
|
4. Feel safe and in control | –0.03 (0.11) | –0.06 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
|
|
5. Motivated to engage with digital services | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.11 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
|
|
6. Access to digital services that work | –0.04 (0.11) | –0.11 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
|
|
7. Digital services that suit individual needs | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.03) | N/A | ||||
| Languageh | |||||||||
|
|
1. Using technology to process health information | –0.02 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | –0.06 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
2. Understanding of health concepts and language | –0.15 (0.07) | –0.12 (0.07) | –0.03 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
3. Ability to actively engage with digital services | –0.09 (0.05) | –0.03 (0.05) | –0.07 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
4. Feel safe and in control | –0.09 (0.06) | –0.08 (0.06) | –0.01 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
5. Motivated to engage with digital services | –0.01 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | –0.05 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
6. Access to digital services that work | –0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | –0.03 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
|
|
7. Digital services that suit individual needs | –0.03 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | –0.04 (0.02) | N/A | ||||
| ICT use (device)i | |||||||||
|
|
1. Using technology to process health information | N/A | 0.38 (0.07) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
2. Understanding of health concepts and language | N/A | 0.18 (0.11) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
3. Ability to actively engage with digital services | N/A | 0.42(0.06) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
4. Feel safe and in control | N/A | 0.09 (0.10) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
5. Motivated to engage with digital services | N/A | 0.31 (0.08) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
6. Access to digital services that work | N/A | 0.20 (0.09) | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
|
7. Digital services that suit individual needs | N/A | 0.30 (0.08) | N/A | N/A | ||||
aStandardized estimates reported.
bAge: range 18-94 years.
cPosterior SD for estimates shown in parentheses.
dItalicized values indicated statistically significant differences with P<.05 for information and communication technology use (device), age, sex, and education and P<.025 for language.
eN/A: not applicable. For age, sex, education and language, not applicable is due to inconsistent mediation, total effect less than ±0.2, or lack of indirect effect [89]; for information and communication technology use (device), not applicable is due to the fact that it is treated as the mediator.
fSex code: 0=male and 1=female.
gEducation code: 1=less than secondary school, 2=completed secondary school, 3=certificate or diploma, and 4=completed university or higher.
hLanguage code: 0=spoke English at home and 1=spoke other language at home.
iInformation and communication technology use (device): number of devices used, range 0-4.