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. 2021 Oct 29;7(6):666–674. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.09.007

Table 3.

Multilevel model results for sleep quality, duration, and efficiency predicting next-day negative affect

Sleep quality model
Sleep duration model
Sleep efficiency model
Predictors Est. 95% CI p Est. 95% CI p Est. 95% CI p
Fixed effects
Intercept 31.28 27.36 to 35.19 <.001 32.04 27.94 to 36.13 <.001 32.09 28.03 to 36.16 <.001
Study day (0 = First day) −0.71 −0.97 to −0.44 <.001 −0.82 −1.09 to −0.54 <.001 −0.83 −1.10 to −0.56 <.001
Age (centered) 0.01 −0.05 to 0.06 .841 −0.02 −0.08 to 0.05 .636 −0.01 −0.07 to 0.05 .704
Gender (ref = Men) −1.62 −4.29 to 1.05 .233 −2.03 −4.83 to 0.77 .155 −2.33 −5.11 to 0.45 .100
Race (ref = Non-White) −0.96 −3.92 to 1.99 .523 −1.11 −4.21 to 1.99 .484 −0.81 −3.89 to 2.26 .603
Chronic condition status (ref = No) 0.11 −1.99 to 2.22 .915 0.36 −1.86 to 2.57 .753 0.09 −2.11 to 2.29 .937
Education status (ref = some college or less) −1.68 −3.55 to 0.18 .077 −1.80 −3.75 to 0.16 .072 −1.80 −3.74 to 0.14 .069
Weekday (ref = Yes) −1.88 −2.77 to −0.99 <.001 −1.73 −2.66 to −0.80 <.001 −1.82 −2.75 to −0.90 <.001
Month of data collection (ref = March) −0.28 −1.42 to 0.87 .637 −0.34 −1.55 to 0.86 .578 −0.29 −1.49 to 0.90 .632
Depressive symptoms (CES-D; centered) 0.71 0.54 to 0.87 <.001 0.92 0.75 to 1.09 <.001 0.85 0.68 to 1.02 <.001
Prior-day negative affect −0.09 −0.13 to −0.05 <.001 −0.09 −0.13 to −0.05 <.001 −0.09 −0.13 to −0.05 <.001
COVID-19 threat 2.58 0.72 to 4.43 .006 2.57 0.60 to 4.53 .010 2.66 0.71 to 4.62 .008
Sleep quality (BP) −2.68 −3.19 to −2.17 <.001
Sleep quality (WP) −0.36 −0.59 to −0.12 .003
Sleep quality (BP) x COVID-19 threat −0.02 −0.76 to 0.73 .967
Sleep quality (WP) x COVID-19 threat −0.27 −0.66 to 0.12 .179
Sleep duration (BP) −1.56 −2.50 to −0.62 .001
Sleep duration (WP) −0.34 −0.73 to 0.06 .092
Sleep duration (BP) x COVID-19 threat 1.28 −0.13 to 2.69 .075
Sleep duration (WP) x COVID-19 threat 0.40 −0.24 to 1.05 .223
Sleep efficiency (BP) −0.32 −0.44 to −0.20 <.001
Sleep efficiency (WP) −0.03 −0.08 to 0.02 .201
Sleep efficiency (BP) x COVID-19 threat 0.11 −0.05 to 0.28 .189
Sleep efficiency (WP) x COVID threat 0.04 −0.04 to 0.11 .335
Random effects Variance [95%CI] Variance [95%CI] Variance [95%CI]
Residual variance 126.61 [126.19 to 128.34] 129.19 [128.52 to 131.11] 133.48 [125.98 to 141.17]
Intercept 151.42 [148.86 to 151.53] 167.89 [164.60 to 168.15] 162.58 [143.16 to 179.60]
Prior-day negative affect 0.04 [0.02 to 0.06] 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07] 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]
Sleep measure (WP) 1.65 [1.49 to 1.68] 2.98 [2.86 to 3.09]

Note: BP, between-person, grand-mean-centered; WP, within-person, person-mean-centered; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

Random effect of within-person sleep efficiency was removed due to convergence problems.

Bolded values refer to effects that are significant at p < .05.