Table 3.
Multilevel model results for sleep quality, duration, and efficiency predicting next-day negative affect
| Sleep quality model |
Sleep duration model |
Sleep efficiency model |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p |
| Fixed effects | |||||||||
| Intercept | 31.28 | 27.36 to 35.19 | <.001 | 32.04 | 27.94 to 36.13 | <.001 | 32.09 | 28.03 to 36.16 | <.001 |
| Study day (0 = First day) | −0.71 | −0.97 to −0.44 | <.001 | −0.82 | −1.09 to −0.54 | <.001 | −0.83 | −1.10 to −0.56 | <.001 |
| Age (centered) | 0.01 | −0.05 to 0.06 | .841 | −0.02 | −0.08 to 0.05 | .636 | −0.01 | −0.07 to 0.05 | .704 |
| Gender (ref = Men) | −1.62 | −4.29 to 1.05 | .233 | −2.03 | −4.83 to 0.77 | .155 | −2.33 | −5.11 to 0.45 | .100 |
| Race (ref = Non-White) | −0.96 | −3.92 to 1.99 | .523 | −1.11 | −4.21 to 1.99 | .484 | −0.81 | −3.89 to 2.26 | .603 |
| Chronic condition status (ref = No) | 0.11 | −1.99 to 2.22 | .915 | 0.36 | −1.86 to 2.57 | .753 | 0.09 | −2.11 to 2.29 | .937 |
| Education status (ref = some college or less) | −1.68 | −3.55 to 0.18 | .077 | −1.80 | −3.75 to 0.16 | .072 | −1.80 | −3.74 to 0.14 | .069 |
| Weekday (ref = Yes) | −1.88 | −2.77 to −0.99 | <.001 | −1.73 | −2.66 to −0.80 | <.001 | −1.82 | −2.75 to −0.90 | <.001 |
| Month of data collection (ref = March) | −0.28 | −1.42 to 0.87 | .637 | −0.34 | −1.55 to 0.86 | .578 | −0.29 | −1.49 to 0.90 | .632 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D; centered) | 0.71 | 0.54 to 0.87 | <.001 | 0.92 | 0.75 to 1.09 | <.001 | 0.85 | 0.68 to 1.02 | <.001 |
| Prior-day negative affect | −0.09 | −0.13 to −0.05 | <.001 | −0.09 | −0.13 to −0.05 | <.001 | −0.09 | −0.13 to −0.05 | <.001 |
| COVID-19 threat | 2.58 | 0.72 to 4.43 | .006 | 2.57 | 0.60 to 4.53 | .010 | 2.66 | 0.71 to 4.62 | .008 |
| Sleep quality (BP) | −2.68 | −3.19 to −2.17 | <.001 | ||||||
| Sleep quality (WP) | −0.36 | −0.59 to −0.12 | .003 | ||||||
| Sleep quality (BP) x COVID-19 threat | −0.02 | −0.76 to 0.73 | .967 | ||||||
| Sleep quality (WP) x COVID-19 threat | −0.27 | −0.66 to 0.12 | .179 | ||||||
| Sleep duration (BP) | −1.56 | −2.50 to −0.62 | .001 | ||||||
| Sleep duration (WP) | −0.34 | −0.73 to 0.06 | .092 | ||||||
| Sleep duration (BP) x COVID-19 threat | 1.28 | −0.13 to 2.69 | .075 | ||||||
| Sleep duration (WP) x COVID-19 threat | 0.40 | −0.24 to 1.05 | .223 | ||||||
| Sleep efficiency (BP) | −0.32 | −0.44 to −0.20 | <.001 | ||||||
| Sleep efficiency (WP) | −0.03 | −0.08 to 0.02 | .201 | ||||||
| Sleep efficiency (BP) x COVID-19 threat | 0.11 | −0.05 to 0.28 | .189 | ||||||
| Sleep efficiency (WP) x COVID threat | 0.04 | −0.04 to 0.11 | .335 | ||||||
| Random effects | Variance [95%CI] | Variance [95%CI] | Variance [95%CI] | ||||||
| Residual variance | 126.61 [126.19 to 128.34] | 129.19 [128.52 to 131.11] | 133.48 [125.98 to 141.17] | ||||||
| Intercept | 151.42 [148.86 to 151.53] | 167.89 [164.60 to 168.15] | 162.58 [143.16 to 179.60] | ||||||
| Prior-day negative affect | 0.04 [0.02 to 0.06] | 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07] | 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07] | ||||||
| Sleep measure (WP) | 1.65 [1.49 to 1.68] | 2.98 [2.86 to 3.09] | — | ||||||
Note: BP, between-person, grand-mean-centered; WP, within-person, person-mean-centered; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
Random effect of within-person sleep efficiency was removed due to convergence problems.
Bolded values refer to effects that are significant at p < .05.