Table 3.
Prevalence of High Weight-for-Length Among Infants 3–23 Months of Age Enrolled in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, by Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children State or Territory Agency, 2010–2018
| 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | 2018 vs. 2010 | 2014 vs. 2010 | 2018 vs. 2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WIC agency | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | APD,a % (95% CI) | APD,a % (95% CI) | APD,a % (95% CI) |
| State | |||||||||
| Alabama | 43,957 | 12.9 (12.6 to 13.3) | 41,679 | 13.0 (12.7 to 13.3) | 24,820 | 13.6 (13.1 to 14.0) | −0.4 (−0.9 to 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.7) | −0.5 (−1.1 to −0.002) |
| Alaska | 6100 | 16.5 (15.6 to 17.5) | 5006 | 14.4 (13.4 to 15.3) | 4739 | 14.4 (13.4 to 15.4) | −0.1 (−1.5 to 1.2) | 1.1 (−0.3 to 2.5) | −0.8 (−2.1 to 0.6) |
| Arizona | 41,678 | 15.3 (14.9 to 15.6) | 38,232 | 12.0 (11.6 to 12.3) | 44,646 | 12.5 (12.2 to 12.8) | −2.2 (−2.6 to −1.7) | −2.7 (−3.2 to −2.3) | 0.5 (0.04 to 0.9) |
| Arkansas | 20,972 | 13.1 (12.6 to 13.5) | 17,953 | 10.7 (10.2 to 11.2) | 16,595 | 11.0 (10.5 to 11.5) | −1.4 (−2.1 to −0.7) | −2.0 (−2.6 to −1.3) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.2) |
| California | 403,041 | 17.3 (17.2 to 17.4) | 403,294 | 13.3 (13.2 to 13.4) | 317,635 | 13.2 (13.1 to 13.3) | −3.7 (−3.8 to −3.5) | −3.5 (−3.7 to −3.4) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.0) |
| Colorado | 25,245 | 8.1 (7.8 to 8.5) | 33,222 | 6.1 (5.8 to 6.3) | 32,247 | 6.3 (6.0 to 6.5) | −0.7 (−1.1 to −0.3) | −1.0 (−1.4 to −0.5) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.6) |
| Connecticut | 13,164 | 12.3 (11.7 to 12.8) | 11,828 | 9.5 (9.0 to 10.1) | 14,847 | 8.6 (8.1 to 9.0) | −2.6 (−3.3 to −1.9) | −1.6 (−2.4 to −0.8) | −1.1 (−1.8 to −0.5) |
| Delaware | 5201 | 14.0 (13.0 to 14.9) | 6133 | 13.4 (12.5 to 14.2) | 4618 | 11.8 (10.8 to 12.7) | −1.3 (−2.6 to 0) | −0.1 (−1.4 to 1.2) | −1.2 (−2.5 to 0.1) |
| District of Columbia | 3579 | 12.8 (11.7 to 13.9) | 3044 | 10.9 (9.8 to 12.0) | 3464 | 10.5 (9.5 to 11.5) | −1.4 (−2.9 to 0.2) | −1.7 (−3.2 to −0.1) | 0.3 (−1.2 to 1.9) |
| Florida | 115,168 | 14.2 (14.0 to 14.4) | 121,606 | 11.7 (11.5 to 11.8) | 166,687 | 11.3 (11.1 to 11.4) | −2.1 (−2.3 to −1.8) | −2.1 (−2.4 to −1.8) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.1) |
| Georgia | 106,764 | 11.5 (11.3 to 11.7) | 101,060 | 9.8 (9.6 to 10.0) | 78,098 | 10.3 (10.1 to 10.5) | −1.2 (−1.5 to −0.9) | −1.7 (−2.0 to −1.5) | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) |
| Hawaii | 13,437 | 11.2 (10.7 to 11.8) | 11,957 | 10.0 (9.4 to 10.5) | 10,710 | 11.1 (10.5 to 11.7) | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.8) | −1.3 (−2.1 to −0.6) | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.1) |
| Idaho | 11,818 | 10.2 (9.7 to 10.7) | 13,717 | 8.4 (8.0 to 8.9) | 11,576 | 9.5 (8.9 to 10.0) | 0.1 (−0.7 to 0.8) | −0.9 (−1.6 to −0.2) | 1.0 (0.3 to 1.7) |
| Illinois | 100,445 | 12.5 (12.3 to 12.7) | 87,223 | 11.5 (11.3 to 11.7) | 71,008 | 11.7 (11.5 to 11.9) | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.0) | −0.6 (−0.9 to −0.3) | 0.3 (0.03 to 0.7) |
| Indiana | 37,011 | 13.6 (13.2 to 13.9) | 31,428 | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.9) | 48,501 | 10.8 (10.5 to 11.1) | −1.2 (−1.7 to −0.8) | −1.9 (−2.4 to −1.4) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2) |
| Iowa | 25,237 | 13.4 (13.0 to 13.8) | 23,850 | 13.5 (13.0 to 13.9) | 23,154 | 14.1 (13.7 to 14.6) | 0.8 (0.2 to 1.5) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.0) | 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.1) |
| Kansas | 25,911 | 12.6 (12.2 to 13.0) | 22,138 | 10.7 (10.3 to 11.1) | 20,108 | 10.8 (10.4 to 11.3) | −1.6 (−2.2 to −1.0) | −1.8 (−2.4 to −1.3) | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) |
| Kentucky | 27,129 | 19.6 (19.1 to 20.1) | 26,700 | 12.2 (11.8 to 12.5) | 23,504 | 16.5 (16.0 to 17.0) | −2.9 (−3.6 to −2.3) | −7.4 (−8.0 to −6.8) | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.1) |
| Louisiana | 33,380 | 16.8 (16.4 to 17.2) | 28,228 | 15.3 (14.8 to 15.7) | 24,157 | 15.1 (14.6 to 15.5) | −1.8 (−2.4 to −1.2) | −1.6 (−2.2 to −1.0) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) |
| Maine | 9976 | 12.7 (12.0 to 13.3) | 8717 | 10.2 (9.5 to 10.8) | 6989 | 10.8 (10.1 to 11.5) | −1.7 (−2.6 to −0.7) | −2.3 (−3.2 to −1.4) | 0.6 (−0.4 to 1.6) |
| Maryland | 31,121 | 14.7 (14.3 to 15.1) | 32,655 | 13.6 (13.3 to 14.0) | 30,486 | 14.9 (14.5 to 15.3) | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.2) | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.1) | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.7) |
| Massachusetts | 28,266 | 16.7 (16.3 to 17.1) | 31,239 | 14.3 (13.9 to 14.7) | 27,947 | 14.7 (14.3 to 15.2) | −2.1 (−2.7 to −1.5) | −2.4 (−3.0 to −1.8) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.8) |
| Michigan | 51,570 | 12.9 (12.6 to 13.2) | 72,751 | 11.6 (11.4 to 11.9) | 52,313 | 11.9 (11.6 to 12.1) | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.1) | −1.0 (−1.4 to −0.6) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) |
| Minnesota | 30,457 | 12.3 (11.9 to 12.6) | 32,094 | 10.8 (10.5 to 11.1) | 28,651 | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.9) | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.1) | −1.2 (−1.7 to −0.7) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) |
| Mississippi | 24,126 | 17.7 (17.2 to 18.2) | 16,811 | 15.5 (14.9 to 16.0) | 31,540 | 12.7 (12.3 to 13.0) | −4.1 (−4.7 to −3.5) | −2.3 (−3.1 to −1.6) | −1.7 (−2.3 to −1) |
| Missouri | 46,897 | 12.4 (12.1 to 12.7) | 44,490 | 9.6 (9.3 to 9.9) | 38,430 | 9.4 (9.1 to 9.7) | −2.7 (−3.1 to −2.3) | −2.5 (−2.9 to −2.1) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) |
| Montana | 7748 | 10.2 (9.5 to 10.8) | 7291 | 9.3 (8.6 to 10.0) | 6372 | 9.4 (8.7 to 10.1) | −1.1 (−2.1 to −0.1) | −0.9 (−1.9 to −0.01) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8) |
| Nebraska | 13,439 | 14.1 (13.5 to 14.6) | 10,530 | 14.9 (14.2 to 15.6) | 12,830 | 11.4 (10.9 to 12.0) | −2.4 (−3.2 to −1.6) | 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5) | −2.8 (−3.7 to −2.0) |
| Nevada | 23,255 | 12.4 (11.9 to 12.8) | 23,120 | 12.2 (11.8 to 12.6) | 22,203 | 11.6 (11.2 to 12.0) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) | −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.1) |
| New Hampshire | 6411 | 13.0 (12.2 to 13.8) | 5279 | 11.4 (10.5 to 12.3) | 5058 | 13.1 (12.2 to 14.1) | 0.1 (−1.1 to 1.3) | −1.5 (−2.7 to −0.3) | 1.6 (0.3 to 2.8) |
| New Jersey | 53,110 | 15.0 (14.7 to 15.4) | 49,455 | 13.9 (13.6 to 14.2) | 40,053 | 13.5 (13.1 to 13.8) | −1.6 (−2.1 to −1.2) | −1.1 (−1.5 to −0.6) | −0.6 (−1.0 to −0.1) |
| New Mexico | 13,097 | 13.1 (12.5 to 13.7) | 13,025 | 9.7 (9.2 to 10.2) | 10,885 | 10.4 (9.9 to 11.0) | −2.1 (−2.9 to −1.3) | −2.5 (−3.3 to −1.7) | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.3) |
| New York | 107,374 | 14.1 (13.9 to 14.3) | 119,681 | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.2) | 100,744 | 10.4 (10.2 to 10.6) | −2.6 (−2.9 to −2.3) | −2.1 (−2.3 to −1.8) | −0.5 (−0.8 to −0.3) |
| North Carolina | 58,763 | 11.8 (11.5 to 12.0) | 76,195 | 11.6 (11.3 to 11.8) | 85,869 | 11.7 (11.5 to 12.0) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.8) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) |
| North Dakota | 5065 | 12.3 (11.4 to 13.2) | 4653 | 11.1 (10.2 to 12.0) | 4611 | 14.4 (13.3 to 15.4) | 2.1 (0.7 to 3.4) | −1.1 (−2.3 to 0.2) | 3.2 (1.8 to 4.5) |
| Ohio | 104,540 | 12.2 (12.0 to 12.4) | 87,974 | 12.3 (12 to 12.5) | 76,085 | 11.3 (11.1 to 11.6) | −0.7 (−1.0 to −0.4) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | −0.9 (−1.2 to −0.6) |
| Oklahoma | 21,964 | 12.8 (12.4 to 13.3) | 30,424 | 9.7 (9.4 to 10.1) | 25,279 | 11.4 (11 to 11.8) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.4) | −2.4 (−2.9 to −1.8) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.6) |
| Oregon | 36,551 | 10.6 (10.3 to 10.9) | 32,615 | 10.7 (10.3 to 11.0) | 27,910 | 10.6 (10.3 to 11.0) | 0.3 (−0.2 to 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.7) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.5) |
| Pennsylvania | 57,842 | 13.6 (13.3 to 13.8) | 59,151 | 11.8 (11.6 to 12.1) | 55,029 | 13.0 (12.8 to 13.3) | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.1) | −1.5 (−1.9 to −1.1) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.4) |
| Rhode Island | 5764 | 15.9 (15.0 to 16.9) | 5115 | 14.2 (13.3 to 15.2) | 4816 | 14.7 (13.7 to 15.7) | −1.3 (−2.7 to 0.0) | −1.8 (−3.1 to −0.4) | 0.5 (−0.9 to 1.9) |
| South Carolina | 27,838 | 13.7 (13.3 to 14.1) | 22,129 | 12.1 (11.7 to 12.5) | 27,352 | 9.8 (9.5 to 10.2) | −3.1 (−3.7 to −2.6) | −1.5 (−2.1 to −1.0) | −1.5 (−2.0 to −0.9) |
| South Dakota | 4973 | 16.2 (15.2 to 17.2) | 4372 | 15.3 (14.2 to 16.3) | 5353 | 12.8 (11.9 to 13.7) | −2.7 (−4.0 to −1.3) | −0.3 (−1.8 to 1.2) | −2.4 (−3.8 to −1.0) |
| Tennessee | 36,840 | 15.0 (14.6 to 15.3) | 55,647 | 11.9 (11.6 to 12.2) | 48,584 | 12.3 (12.0 to 12.6) | −1.3 (−1.8 to −0.9) | −2.0 (−2.4 to −1.5) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) |
| Texas | 221,750 | 16.2 (16.0 to 16.3) | 249,894 | 14.6 (14.5 to 14.8) | 197,668 | 15.5 (15.3 to 15.7) | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.2) | −1.3 (−1.5 to −1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) |
| Utah | 24,944 | 11.3 (10.9 to 11.7) | 21,700 | 6.9 (6.5 to 7.2) | 17,491 | 6.5 (6.1 to 6.8) | −4.9 (−5.4 to −4.3) | −4.3 (−4.8 to −3.8) | −0.5 (−1.0 to −0.04) |
| Vermont | 5183 | 9.0 (8.2 to 9.7) | 4351 | 9.6 (8.7 to 10.5) | 3779 | 11.2 (10.2 to 12.2) | 2.4 (1.1 to 3.7) | 0.6 (−0.6 to 1.8) | 1.7 (0.3 to 3.0) |
| Virginia | 33,245 | 24.0 (23.5 to 24.5) | 40,505 | 22.6 (22.2 to 23.0) | 33,839 | 14.8 (14.4 to 15.2) | −9.1 (−9.7 to −8.5) | −1.1 (−1.7 to −0.5) | −7.9 (−8.5 to −7.4) |
| Washington | 64,628 | 12.8 (12.5 to 13) | 61,003 | 11.1 (10.8 to 11.3) | 51,063 | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.8) | −1.2 (−1.6 to −0.9) | −1.6 (−2.0 to −1.3) | 0.4 (0.02 to 0.8) |
| West Virginia | 15,477 | 9.4 (9.0 to 9.9) | 10,320 | 11.9 (11.3 to 12.5) | 7768 | 12.5 (11.8 to 13.3) | 2.7 (1.8 to 3.5) | 2.0 (1.2 to 2.8) | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.6) |
| Wisconsin | 28,409 | 15.4 (15.0 to 15.9) | 24,617 | 13.5 (13.1 to 14.0) | 22,192 | 14.1 (13.6 to 14.5) | −0.9 (−1.5 to −0.2) | −1.9 (−2.5 to −1.3) | 1.0 (0.4 to 1.6) |
| Wyoming | 2997 | 9.8 (8.7 to 10.8) | 3767 | 5.5 (4.8 to 6.2) | 3387 | 7.3 (6.4 to 8.2) | −1.2 (−2.6 to 0.1) | −2.9 (−4.2 to −1.6) | 1.7 (0.6 to 2.9) |
| Territory | |||||||||
| American Samoa | 1322 | 16.1 (14.1 to 18.1) | 1455 | 22.4 (20.3 to 24.6) | 1303 | 19.9 (17.7 to 22) | 4.2 (1.2 to 7.1) | 6.2 (3.3 to 9.1) | −2.2 (−5.2 to 0.9) |
| Guam | 2021 | 9.7 (8.4 to 11.0) | 2022 | 8.0 (6.8 to 9.2) | 2141 | 10.0 (8.8 to 11.3) | 0.0 (−1.8 to 1.9) | −1.7 (−3.5 to 0.0) | 2.1 (0.3 to 3.8) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 1022 | 13.1 (11.0 to 15.2) | 811 | 11.6 (9.4 to 13.8) | 751 | 9.2 (7.1 to 11.3) | −4.3 (−7.2 to −1.4) | −1.5 (−4.5 to 1.5) | −2.4 (−5.5 to 0.6) |
| Puerto Rico | 51,259 | 19.1 (18.7 to 19.4) | 45,515 | 10.5 (10.2 to 10.7) | 24,916 | 7.8 (7.5 to 8.1) | −11.3 (−11.8 to −10.8) | −9.3 (−9.7 to −8.9) | −1.9 (−2.3 to −1.4) |
| Virgin Islands | 1231 | 11.0 (9.3 to 12.8) | 940 | 11.8 (9.7 to 13.9) | 642 | 16.5 (13.6 to 19.4) | 5.1 (1.8 to 8.5) | 0.7 (−2.0 to 3.4) | 4.3 (0.8 to 7.9) |
a
Calculated as 100 times the marginal effect of year (2018 vs. 2010, 2014 vs. 2010, and 2018 vs. 2014) from logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. The difference in adjusted prevalence of high weight-for-length across years was considered statistically significant if the 95% CI for APD did not include 0. A positive number means that the adjusted prevalence in the later year was higher than that in the earlier year and a negative number means the opposite. The data reporting systems changed in Alabama, North Carolina, West Virginia, and Virginia in 2016, which might affect the prevalence trends.
APD, adjusted prevalence difference; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error.