TABLE 3.

Bacteria detected from culture-negative retrieved prosthetic hip implants by IFM and bacterial 16S rRNA gene detection and associated tissue inflammatory response^a

Sample	Tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells (score)b			Immunofluorescence microscopy result		16S rRNA gene detection		Sample	Tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells (score)b:			Immunofluorescence microscopy result		16S rRNA gene detection
	PMNc	LYMd	MACe	Morphology	Scoref				PMNc	LYMd	MACe	Morphology	Scoref
1	1	2	3	Cocci	3	+
2	1	2	3	Cocci	3	+
3	0	2	0	Cocci	3	+
4	0	0	0	Cocci	3	+
5	3	3	2	Cocci	2	+
6	1	3	3	Cocci	2	+
7	0	2	3	Cocci	2	+
8	0	1	1	Cocci	2	+
9	1	2	3	Cocci	2	+
10	0	2	3	Cocci	2	+
11	0	2	2	Cocci	1	+
12	0	1	3	Cocci	1	+
13	NSg	NS	NS	Cocci	2	+
14	NS	NS	NS	Cocci	2	+
15	NS	NS	NS	Cocci	1	+
16	1	2	3	Cocci	3	−
17	1	2	3	Cocci	3	−
18	1	2	1	Cocci	2	−
19	NS	NS	NS	Cocci	3	−
20	NS	NS	NS	Cocci	3	−
21	2	2	3	P. acnes	2	+
22	1	2	3	P. acnes	2	+
23	2	2	3	P. acnes	1	+
24	2	2	3	P. acnes	1	+
25	3	2	2	P. acnes	1	+
26	1	2	3	P. acnes	1	+
27	1	2	3	P. acnes	1	+
28	0	1	2	P. acnes	1	+
29	0	1	2	P. acnes	1	+
30	1	1	1	P. acnes	1	+
31	0	1	1	P. acnes	1	+
32	0	0	1	P. acnes	1	+
33	0	0	0	P. acnes	1	+
34	NS	NS	NS	P. acnes	1	+
35	NS	NS	NS	P. acnes	1	+
36	NS	NS	NS	P. acnes	1	+
37	0	0	0	P. acnes	3	−

38	3	1	1	P. acnes	1	−
39	NS	NS	NS	P. acnes	1	NDh
40	1	3	3	Cocci and P. acnes	3	+
41	0	0	0	Cocci and P. acnes	3	+
42	2	2	3	Cocci and P. acnes	2	+
43	1	2	3	Cocci and P. acnes	2	+
44	0	2	2	Cocci and P. acnes	2	+
45	1	1	2	Cocci and P. acnes	1	+
46	0	2	3	Cocci and P. acnes	1	+
47	NS	NS	NS	Cocci and P. acnes	2	−
48	1	2	3		0	+
49	1	1	3		0	+
50	1	1	2		0	+
51	0	1	1		0	+
52	0	0	0		0	+
53	0	0	0		0	+
54	0	0	0		0	+
55	0	1	3		ND	+
56	0	1	2		ND	+
57	0	1	2		ND	+
58	0	0	3		ND	+
59	0	0	0		ND	+
60	2	3	3		0	−
61	1	3	3		0	−
62	1	2	3		0	−
63	1	2	3		0	−
64	1	2	2		0	−
65	0	2	3		0	−
66	0	2	3		0	−
67	1	1	2		0	−
68	1	1	1		0	−
69	0	1	1		0	−
70	0	1	1		0	−
71	0	0	1		0	−
72	0	0	1		0	−
73	0	0	0		0	−

^aA further 21 samples not suitable for histological examination were negative by IFM, of which 10 were positive and 11 were negative by 16S rRNA gene detection. 

^bNumber of inflammatory cells per high-power field: 0, no cells; 1, 1 to 10 cells; 2, 10 to 20 cells; 3, 20 or more cells. 

^cPMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte. 

^dLYM, lymphocyte. 

^eMAC, tissue macrophage. 

^fNumber of bacteria per well: 0, no bacteria; 1, 1 to 10 bacteria; 2, 10 to 50 bacteria; 3, 50 or more bacteria. 

^gNS, not suitable for histological examination. 

^hND, not done due to insufficient sample volume.