Table 3.
Life-time neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders in females with TS stratified by year of Turner diagnosis and compared with age-matched controls (1:100 controls)
| Diagnoses | < 1987 | 1987–2001 | > 2001 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turner syndrome, N (%) | Matched controls, N (%) | OR (95%CI) | P value | Turner syndrome, N (%) | Matched controls, N (%) | OR (95%CI) | P value | Turner syndrome, N (%) | Matched controls, N (%) | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Any NDDs psychiatric disorders | 81 (24.70) | 5641 (17.20) | 1.59 (1.23–2.04) | 0.0006 | 94 (19.75) | 8550 (17.96) | 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | 0.3168 | 108 (18.37) | 7757 (13.19) | 1.51 (1.21–1.87) | 0.0003 |
| Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 9 (2.74) | 1177 (3.59) | 0.76 (0.39–1.47) | 0.3927 | 9 (1.89) | 1983 (4.17) | 0.44 (0.23–0.86) | 0.0056 | 12 (2.04) | 1475 (2.51) | 0.81 (0.45–1.44) | 0.4529 |
| Schizophrenia and related disorders | 15 (4.57) | 595 (1.81) | 2.61 (1.54–4.42) | 0.0017 | 7 (1.47) | 497 (1.04) | 1.42 (0.67–3.03) | 0.3886 | 7 (1.19) | 401 (0.68) | 1.77 (0.83–3.77) | 0.1759 |
| Mood disorders (including bipolar, single, and recurrent depressive disorder) | 25 (7.62) | 2382 (7.26) | 1.05 (0.70–1.59) | 0.8039 | 22 (4.62) | 3480 (7.31) | 0.61 (0.40–0.94) | 0.0164 | 32 (5.44) | 2744 (4.67) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 0.3808 |
| Suicide attempt | 5 (1.52) | 440 (1.34) | 1.14 (0.47–2.78) | 0.7786 | 8 (1.68) | 981 (2.06) | 0.81 (0.40–1.64) | 0.5473 | 6 (1.02) | 737 (1.25) | 0.81 (0.36–1.82) | 0.5999 |
| Anxiety disorders (including dissociative, stress-related, and somatoform disorders) | 34 (10.37) | 2915 (8.89) | 1.19 (0.83–1.70) | 0.3587 | 28 (5.88) | 4555 (9.57) | 0.59 (0.40–0.86) | 0.0035 | 34 (5.78) | 3740 (6.36) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 0.556 |
| Eating disorders | 4 (1.22) | 207 (0.63) | 1.95 (0.72–5.32) | 0.2344 | 19 (3.99) | 793 (1.67) | 2.48 (1.55–3.97) | 0.0008 | 9 (1.53) | 609 (1.04) | 1.49 (0.77–2.92) | 0.2679 |
| Disorders of adult personality and behavior | 6 (1.83) | 509 (1.55) | 1.18 (0.52–2.67) | 0.6938 | 5 (1.05) | 745 (1.57) | 0.67 (0.28–1.62) | 0.3376 | 6 (1.02) | 466 (0.79) | 1.29 (0.57–2.92) | 0.5514 |
| Mental retardation (ID) | 14 (4.27) | 123 (0.38) | 12.0 (6.78–21.07) | < .0001 | 20 (4.20) | 287 (0.60) | 7.29 (4.58–11.59) | < .0001 | 28 (4.76) | 350 (0.60) | 8.45 (5.69–12.57) | < .0001 |
| Pervasive developmental disorders (ASD) | 7 (2.13) | 84 (0.26) | 8.56 (3.92–18.71) | < .0001 | 11 (2.31) | 303 (0.64) | 3.74 (2.02–6.91) | 0.0004 | 12 (2.04) | 339 (0.58) | 3.63 (2.02–6.52) | 0.0003 |
| Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD) | 0 (0.00) | 205 (0.63) | 0.00 (0.00-) | 0.0428 | 9 (1.89) | 709 (1.49) | 1.28 (0.66–2.49) | 0.4882 | 13 (2.21) | 818 (1.39) | 1.62 (0.92–2.83) | 0.1173 |
| Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset in childhood | 2 (0.61) | 92 (0.28) | 2.19 (0.53–8.99) | 0.3316 | 6 (1.26) | 424 (0.89) | 1.43 (0.63–3.22) | 0.4195 | 18 (3.06) | 803 (1.37) | 2.31 (1.43–3.74) | 0.0023 |
OR odds ratio, NDD neurodevelopmental disorder, ID intellectual disability, ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
*Due to difference in the observation time, percentage of life-time psychiatric outcome may not be comparable between cohorts