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. 2021 Oct 28;18:247. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02304-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Transurethral inoculation of E. coli causes UTI. a Representative image of mouse bladder (blue arrow) following successful transurethral inoculation of Evans Blue dye. b 72 h post-infection, urine was aseptically collected to enumerate bacterial burden as colony forming unit (cfu) which showed significantly increased bacterial count in the UTI group compared to the control group (n = 5/group). c Mean weights of mice on the day of inoculation (day 0) and 72 h post-inoculation (day 3) indicate no significant weight loss due to UTI. Quantitative data are expressed in mean ± SD, ****p < 0.0001