Fig. 2.

UTI induces frontal and hippocampal functional impairments in the Open Field and Y-Maze tests. a Schematic of the apparatus and assessment of behavioral function in center and peripheral zones of the Open Field. b, c In the open field behavioral test, UTI mice entered and spent significantly less time in the center zone compared to the control group. d–f In the Open Field behavioral test, although UTI mice had fewer total entries into the peripheral zone, they spent more total time and had more mean visit times in the periphery than control group. g Schema of the Y-maze apparatus and behavioral assessments. h, i In the Y-maze test, total spontaneous alternations in 5 min and the first ten alternations were markedly reduced in the UTI group in comparison to the control group. Each dot represents one animal (n = 6 in control, n = 8 in UTI). Behavioral tests were performed 48 h after inoculation. Quantitative data are expressed in mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001