Table 3.
Group differences
| Years of running | Participation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | η2 | 1–β | Post-Hoc | p | η2 | 1–β | Post-Hoc | |
| Self-esteem | < 0.001 | 0.237 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) | < 0.001 | 0.339 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) |
| Psychological coping | < 0.001 | 0.118 | 0.999 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) | < 0.001 | 0.187 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(3 < 1)(3 < 2) |
| Meaning of life | < 0.001 | 0.171 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) | < 0.001 | 0.281 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(3 < 1)(3 < 2) |
| Personal goal achievement | < 0.001 | 0.286 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2) | < 0.001 | 0.446 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) |
| Competition | < 0.001 | 0.328 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2) | < 0.001 | 0.645 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(3 < 1)(3 < 2) |
| Showing recognition | < 0.001 | 0.269 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2) | < 0.001 | 0.569 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(3 < 1)(3 < 2) |
| Affiliation motives | < 0.001 | 0.358 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2) | < 0.001 | 0.625 | 1.00 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) |
| General health orientation | < 0.001 | 0.110 | 0.998 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3) | < 0.001 | 0.098 | 0.994 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2) |
| Weight concern | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.885 | (0 < 1)(0 < 2) | < 0.001 | 0.221 | 1.00 | (1 < 0)(2 < 0)(3 < 0)(1 < 3)(2 < 3) |
One-way ANOVA of the Motivation of Marathoners Scale’ nine dimensions (MOMS) and ranges of years’ running experience, and type of running events
Post-Hoc with Tukey Post-Hoc analysis. Years’ running: (0) Less than 1 Year, (1) 1–5 Years, (2) 6–10 Years, (3) More than 10 years; Participation in running events: (0) Running for recreation, (1) Running a half marathon, (2) Running a marathon, (3) Running an ultra-marathon