Table 1.
Participants’ socio-demographics and means of “average patient safety culture percentage across all composites”
| Number | % | Mean (SD) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health Region | < .001 | |||
| 1 | 1665 | 25.2 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| 2 | 1274 | 19.3 | 3.38 (0.41) | |
| 3 | 1136 | 17.2 | 3.38 (0.42) | |
| 4 | 765 | 11.6 | 3.47 (0.35) | |
| 5 | 1762 | 26.7 | 3.45 (0.38) | |
| PHC | ||||
| Specialised vs non-specialised clinics | .006 | |||
| Specialised | 916 | 13.9 | 3.39 (0.38) | |
| Non-specialised | 5686 | 86.1 | 3.43 (0.40) | |
| Size | < .001 | |||
| < 51 | 352 | 5.3 | 3.54 (0.38) | |
| 51–100 | 1440 | 21.8 | 3.42 (0.41) | |
| > 100 | 4810 | 72.9 | 3.41 (0.39) | |
| Clinical support services | .082 | |||
| With lab | 5034 | 76.2 | 3.42 (0.39) | |
| With lab & radiology | 883 | 13.4 | 3.44 (0.41) | |
| Without lab & radiology | 685 | 10.4 | 3.42 (0.41) | |
| Location | .002 | |||
| Urban | 5425 | 82.2 | 3.43 (0.40) | |
| Suburban | 1149 | 17.4 | 3.39 (0.39) | |
| Rural | 28 | 0.4 | 3.47 (0.40) | |
| Participants | ||||
| Gender | .511 | |||
| Male | 1684 | 27.0 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| Female | 4549 | 73.0 | 3.42 (0.39) | |
| Age | < .001 | |||
| Below 30 years | 1072 | 17.1 | 3.38 (0.43) | |
| 30–45 years | 4017 | 64.3 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| 46–55 years | 810 | 13.0 | 3.42 (0.39) | |
| Over 55 years | 353 | 5.6 | 3.48 (0.39) | |
| Language | < .001 | |||
| Arabic | 3989 | 69.7 | 3.38 (0.43) | |
| English | 1736 | 30.3 | 3.52 (0.29) | |
| Nationality | < .001 | |||
| Kuwaiti | 2881 | 46.6 | 3.36 (0.43) | |
| Arabian | 1471 | 23.8 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| Asian | 1482 | 24.0 | 3.53 (0.29) | |
| European/American | 13 | 0.2 | 3.50 (0.45) | |
| Other | 339 | 5.5 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| Highest educational credential | < .001 | |||
| Below high school | 341 | 5.8 | 3.38 (0.38) | |
| High school | 727 | 12.3 | 3.39 (0.40) | |
| Technical school | 537 | 9.1 | 3.40 (0.38) | |
| University degree | 2081 | 35.3 | 3.44 (0.39) | |
| Masters | 495 | 8.4 | 3.48 (0.40) | |
| PhD/board certified | 178 | 3.0 | 3.46 (0.37) | |
| Fellowship degree | 84 | 1.4 | 3.52 (0.38) | |
| Other | 1459 | 24.7 | 3.39 (0.42) | |
| Tenure with PHC | < .001 | |||
| 1 year to less than 3 years | 1702 | 27.5 | 3.44 (0.40) | |
| 3 years to less than 6 years | 1822 | 29.5 | 3.39 (0.41) | |
| 6 years to less than 11 years | 1457 | 23.6 | 3.44 (0.37) | |
| 11 years or more | 1205 | 19.5 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| Hours worked per week | < .001 | |||
| 1–4 | 163 | 2.7 | 3.17 (0.35) | |
| 5–16 | 460 | 7.6 | 3.28 (0.42) | |
| 17–24 | 198 | 3.3 | 3.34 (0.45) | |
| 25–32 | 755 | 12.4 | 3.39 (0.43) | |
| 33–40 | 2046 | 33.6 | 3.45 (0.41) | |
| 41 or more | 2463 | 40.5 | 3.46 (0.35) | |
| Position | < .001 | |||
| Primary Care Centre Head | 59 | 1.0 | 3.56 (0.29) | |
| Trustee/Administrative Supervisor | 121 | 2.0 | 3.41 (0.42) | |
| Receptionist/Medical Records | 907 | 15.0 | 3.32 (0.42) | |
| Information Systems Officer/Secretariat | 295 | 4.9 | 3.35 (0.40) | |
| Hotel Services Supervisor/Head of Cleaners | 57 | .9 | 3.41 (0.28) | |
| Nursing | 1929 | 31.9 | 3.48 (0.33) | |
| General Practitioner | 709 | 11.7 | 3.50 (0.38) | |
| Family medicine | 191 | 3.2 | 3.43 (0.40) | |
| Physician, other specialities | 213 | 3.5 | 3.47 (0.43) | |
| Health Inspector | 100 | 1.7 | 3.47 (0.35) | |
| Pharmacist | 334 | 5.5 | 3.38 (0.41) | |
| Lab Doctor | 274 | 4.5 | 3.35 (0.48) | |
| Technician | 625 | 10.3 | 3.34 (0.44) | |
| Phlebotomist | 97 | 1.6 | 3.32 (0.46) | |
| Other | 136 | 2.2 | 3.32 (0.51) | |
| Department | < .001 | |||
| Primary Care Clinics | 1545 | 25.7 | 3.45 (0.37) | |
| Specialised clinics from the hospitals | 99 | 1.6 | 3.53 (0.39) | |
| Preventive health | 234 | 3.9 | 3.52 (0.33) | |
| Elderly health clinics | 30 | 0.5 | 3.36 (0.34) | |
| School health clinics | 68 | 1.1 | 3.41 (0.48) | |
| Dental | 602 | 10.0 | 3.41 (0.38) | |
| Nursing | 1097 | 18.3 | 3.52 (0.29) | |
| Pharmacy | 625 | 10.4 | 3.34 (0.44) | |
| Laboratory | 679 | 11.3 | 3.32 (0.46) | |
| Radiology/mammography/dental radiology | 57 | 0.9 | 3.55 (0.46) | |
| Administrative | 282 | 4.7 | 3.36 (0.41) | |
| Reception and medical records | 516 | 8.6 | 3.38 (0.43) | |
| Hotel services | 28 | 0.5 | 3.35 (0.36) | |
| Other | 142 | 2.4 | 3.35 (0.42) | |
| Attended courses or lectures on patient safety | .052 | |||
| Yes | 3505 | 60.7 | 3.43 (0.39) | |
| No | 2269 | 39.3 | 3.41 (0.40) | |
SD: Standard deviation %: Percentage
p: p-value (statistically significant if p ≤ .05, highly significant if p ≤ .001)