Table 3.
Factors associated with eGFR1 in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults
| Characteristic | n | Mean eGFR1 | Adjusted coefficients2 (95% CI3) | p value4 | p value for interaction* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1942 | 113.6 | − 0.3 (− 0.4, − 0.1) | 0.001 | 0.25 |
| Sex | 0.51 | ||||
| Female | 1156 | 111.4 | 0 | ||
| Male | 786 | 116.7 | 13.0 (7.7, 18.2) | < 0.001 | |
| HIV status | |||||
| HIV-uninfected | 654 | 111.2 | 0 | ||
| HIV-infected ART-naive | 955 | 109.7 | −4.1 (−8.4, 0.1) | 0.06 | |
| HIV-infected on ART | 333 | 129.5 | 18.3 (12.8, 23.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Education level | 0.20 | ||||
| No formal education | 317 | 119.1 | 0 | ||
| Primary | 1323 | 112.3 | −7.5 (−12.8, −2.2) | 0.005 | |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 297 | 113.5 | −7.6 (− 14.6, −0.7) | 0.03 | |
| SES5 tertiles | 0.73 | ||||
| Lower | 644 | 116.9 | 0 | ||
| Middle | 646 | 114.6 | −2.4 (−7.0, 2.3) | 0.32 | |
| Upper | 647 | 109.3 | −7.0 (−11.8, −2.3) | 0.004 | |
| Smoking | 0.20 | ||||
| Never smoked | 1471 | 112.9 | 0 | ||
| Past smoked | 285 | 116.3 | 2.2 (−3.9, 8.3) | 0.48 | |
| Current smoker | 181 | 115.1 | −1.4 (−8.8, 5.9) | 0.71 | |
| Alcohol use | 0.16 | ||||
| Non drinker | 1342 | 114.6 | 0 | ||
| Current moderate drinker | 40 | 121.9 | 7.2 (−6.1, 20.5) | 0.29 | |
| Current unhealthy drinker6 | 555 | 110.7 | −4.7 (−9.0, −0.4) | 0.03 | |
| Antiretroviral regimen | |||||
| Tenofovir containing | 174 | 130.4 | 0 | ||
| Other regimen | 158 | 128.8 | −2.7 (−15.6, 10.3) | 0.69 | |
| Physical activity (minutes/week)7 | 0.06 | ||||
| Active (≥ 600) | 1667 | 113.0 | 0 | ||
| Inactive (< 600) | 229 | 117.2 | 4.4 (−1.3, 10.0) | 0.13 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1941 | 113.6 | −0.58 (−1.16, − 0.01) | 0.047 | 0.31 |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 423 | 118.6 | 2.9 (−2.3, 8.1) | 0.28 | |
| Normal (18.5 - < 25) | 1128 | 114.2 | 0 | ||
| Overweight/obesity (≥25) | 390 | 106.4 | −3.2 (−8.6, 2.2) | 0.25 | |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 1938 | 113.5 | 0.3 (−0.6, 1.2) | 0.46 | 0.02 |
| Normal | 1112 | 113.9 | 0 | ||
| Anaemia8 | 826 | 113.1 | −1.9 (−5.8, 2.0) | 0.34 | |
| S. mansoni egg(s) seen | 0.34 | ||||
| No | 1623 | 113.9 | 0 | ||
| Yes | 141 | 114.7 | −1.2 (−8.6, 6.2) | 0.76 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1938 | 113.7 | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) | 0.73 | 0.97 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1938 | 113.7 | −0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1) | 0.40 | 0.39 |
| Hypertension9 | 0.91 | ||||
| No | 1590 | 114.6 | 0 | ||
| Yes | 348 | 109.4 | −1.7 (−6.8, 3.4) | 0.52 | |
| Diabetes Mellitus10 | 0.36 | ||||
| Normal (≤ 7.7) | 965 | 112.8 | 0 | ||
| Prediabetes (7.8–11.0) | 844 | 115.9 | 3.0 (−0.9, 6.9) | 0.14 | |
| Diabetes (≥ 11.1) | 128 | 103.5 | −10.2 (−18.2, −2.3) | 0.01 | |
1Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2); 2Adjusted for age sex and fat-free mass; 3Confidence interval; 4p-value for 2 tailored t test; 5Socioeconomic status calculated using principal component analysis; 6Habitual alcohol drinking of more than two standard drinks for women or more than three standard drinks for men; 7Metabolic equivalent - calculations based on total time spent in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity per week; 8Haemoglobin level < 12 mg/dL for women and < 13 mg/dL for men; 9Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication for hypertension; 10Two hour oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or on medication for diabetes
*p-value (Wald test) for interaction with HIV status