Table 4.
Factors associated with impaired renal function in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults
| n | Impaired renal function1 n (%) | aOR2 (95% CI3) | p value4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age categories (years) | ||||
| 18–30 | 420 | 26 (6.2) | 0 | |
| 31–40 | 621 | 49 (7.9) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0.32 |
| 41–50 | 519 | 32 (6.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.98 |
| > 50 | 382 | 28 (7.3) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.44 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1156 | 82 (7.1) | 0 | |
| Male | 786 | 53 (6.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.88 |
| HIV status | ||||
| HIV-uninfected | 654 | 37 (5.7) | 0 | |
| HIV-infected ART-naive | 955 | 77 (8.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.048 |
| HIV-infected on ART | 333 | 21 (6.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.75 |
| Education level | ||||
| No formal education | 317 | 17 (5.4) | 0 | |
| Primary | 1323 | 96 (7.3) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 0.17 |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 297 | 21 (7.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) | 0.24 |
| SES5tertiles | ||||
| Lower | 644 | 46 (7.1) | 0 | |
| Middle | 646 | 41 (6.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.62 |
| Upper | 647 | 47 (7.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.95 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 1471 | 99 (6.7) | 0 | |
| Past smoked | 285 | 22 (7.7) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.51 |
| Current smoker | 181 | 13 (7.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.5) | 0.51 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Non drinker | 1342 | 92 (6.9) | 0 | |
| Current moderate drinker | 40 | 2 (5.0) | 0.7 (0.2, 3.1) | 0.68 |
| Unhealthy drinker6 | 555 | 40 (7.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.61 |
| Antiretroviral regimen | ||||
| Tenofovir containing | 174 | 7 (4.0) | 0 | |
| Other regimen | 158 | 13 (8.2) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.6) | 0.12 |
| Physical activity (minutes/week)7 | ||||
| Active (≥ 600) | 1667 | 110 (6.6) | 0 | |
| Inactive (< 600) | 269 | 24 (8.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.20 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 423 | 29 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.89 |
| Normal (18.5- < 25) | 1128 | 79 (7.0) | 0 | |
| Overweight/obesity (≥25) | 390 | 26 (6.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.76 |
| Anaemia8 | ||||
| No | 1112 | 60 (5.4) | 0 | |
| Yes | 826 | 75 (9.1) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 0.001 |
| S. mansoniegg(s) seen | ||||
| No | 1623 | 118 (7.3) | 0 | |
| Yes | 141 | 8 (5.7) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.60 |
| Hypertension9 | ||||
| No | 1590 | 109 (6.9) | 0 | |
| Yes | 348 | 24 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.95 |
| Diabetes Mellitus10 | ||||
| Normal (≤ 7.7) | 965 | 61 (6.3) | 0 | |
| Prediabetes (7.8–11.0) | 844 | 56 (6.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.72 |
| Diabetes (≥ 11.1) | 128 | 18 (14.1) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.2) | 0.004 |
1Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2); 2Adjusted odds ratio - adjusted for age sex and fat-free mass index; 3Confidence interval; 4p-value for 2 tailored Wald test; 5Socioeconomic status calculated using principal component analysis; 6Habitual alcohol drinking of more than two standard drinks for women or more than three standard drinks for men; 7Metabolic equivalent - calculations based on total time spent in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity per week; 8Haemoglobin level < 12 mg/dL for women and < 13 mg/dL for men; 9Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication for hypertension; 10Two hour oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or on medication for diabetes