Table 1.

Description of the three integration pilot programmes.

INTEGRATED CARE PILOTS (ICPS)	INTEGRATED CARE AND SUPPORT PIONEERS (PIONEERS)	NEW CARE MODEL VANGUARDS (VANGUARDS)
Programme launched in 2008 following the NHS Next Stage Review. Sixteen pilots appointed in 2009 designed to support care integration. Loose collection of aims including care closer to the user, greater continuity of care and a reduced use of hospital care. As NHS finances became constrained nationally, the focus shifted to aim of reduced cost Deliberately heterogenous mix of pilots in terms of: - scale (from a single GPpractice with a population of 6300 to a broad rangeof services for a population of 500,000). - Target groups (somepilots focused on single cohorts such as elderly people, otherson diseases such as dementia and diabetes). A sub-setof 6 pilots focused on ‘case management’ interventions for olderpeople at risk of admission. - Integration focus (mainly horizontal integrationwithin community- based services with one pilot vertically integrating GPand hospital care) National programme support including project management resources and modest central funding for pilots.	Two waves of pilots launched since 2013 (14 pilots and 11 pilots respectively) Relatively homogenous goals including the ‘triple aim’ and person-centred care. Focus on three overlapping cohorts: older people with multiple long-term conditions; high service users, those at risk of hospital admission Pilots pursued a broadly similar range of interventions. Over time these narrowed to focus on: care navigators, multi-disciplinary teams, care planning and a single point of access for service users Pilots designed around horizontal and vertical integration of NHS and social care providers with a small number of pilots explicitly led by Local Authorities. Limited national programme support with modest central funding for pilots	Launched in 2015 with the aim of using pilots to define new ‘models’ of care which could subsequently be spread more widely. Focus on horizontal and vertical integration between sectors. Nationally prescribed range of three different integration ‘types’: - 9 Primary and Acute Care Systems(joining GP, hospital, community health and social care providers) - 14Multispecialty Community Providers (moving hospital specialists into community settings) - 6Enhanced Care Homes (integration of care homes and wider careservices). Local discretion over how these models were to be designed and implemented with expectation that new models to be scaled across the NHS. Multiple new services implemented with no clear differentiation between the three ‘types’ Over time, increased national focus on reducing use of hospital services Extensive national support programme and significant additional funding