Table 1.

Participants’ characteristics

	PTSD (n = 31)				Trauma-exposed controls (n = 30)					Effect size
Characteristics	M	SD	n	%	M	SD	n	%	p	Cohen’s d or Phi
Sex (female)			11	35.4			11	36.7	.57	φ = .01
Age	40.77	8.53			39.67	9.09			.63	d = .13
Education (years)	14.52	1.23			14.55	1.06			.91	d = .03
Employment status (currently working)			14	45.2			29	97.7	<.01	φ = .57
Depression status			10	32.3			0	0	<.01	φ = .44
PCL-5 total score	38.04	15.00			5.21	5.87			<.01	d = 2.92
PCL-5 Cluster B	10.07	4.90			.80	1.10			<.01	d = 2.68
PCL-5 Cluster C	5.11	2.24			.48	1.24			<.01	d = 2.58
PCL-5 Cluster D	10.67	5.76			1.37	2.11			<.01	d = 2.19
PCL-5 Cluster E	12.19	5.19			2.47	2.69			<.01	d = 2.39
HSCL mean score	1.89	.54			1.21	.20			<.01	d = 1.75
PSQ-op mean score	3.31	1.23			2.35	.72			<.01	d = .98
Physical QOL	12.81	3.05			16.13	2.33			<.01	d = 1.24
Psychological QOL	11.95	3.30			15.67	1.82			<.01	d = 1.43
Social QOL	12.80	3.36			15.91	2.60			<.01	d = 1.05
Environmental QOL	15.14	2.21			15.75	1.70			.25	d = .31