Table 3.
Cognitive raw data and impairment per subtest
| PTSD (n = 31) |
Trauma-exposed (n = 30) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw score |
Impaired |
Raw score |
Impaired |
P value |
Effect size | ||||||
| Cognitive domain | M | SD | n | % | M | SD | n | % | p | p’* | Cohen’s d |
| Information processing speed | |||||||||||
| TMT – Part A | 23.29 | 6.48 | 0 | 20.13 | 6.34 | 0 | .06 | .08 | .49 | ||
| Digit Symbol Test | 76.35 | 14.70 | 0 | 79.33 | 14.73 | 1 | 3 | .43 | .43 | .20 | |
| CWIT – 1 (color) | 27.71 | 4.86 | 0 | 25.43 | 3.66 | 0 | .04 | .08 | .53 | ||
| CWIT – 2 (word) | 20.48 | 2.67 | 0 | 18.67 | 2.92 | 0 | .01 | .06 | .62 | ||
| Attention and working memory | |||||||||||
| PASAT (3 s)† | 46.55 | 8.85 | 4 | 13 | 50.79 | 7.51 | 2 | 7 | .05 | .20 | .52 |
| PASAT (2 s)† | 36.32 | 8.45 | 1 | 3 | 39.41 | 7.78 | 0 | .15 | .20 | .38 | |
| d2 Test of Attention | 443.19 | 88.51 | 1 | 3 | 468.80 | 72.71 | 0 | .22 | .22 | .32 | |
| RAVLT, first recall A | 6.39 | 2.16 | 3 | 10 | 7.17 | 1.97 | 1 | 3 | .15 | .20 | .38 |
| Executive functions | |||||||||||
| CWIT – 3 (inhibition) | 49.32 | 10.45 | 0 | 44.50 | 9.48 | 0 | .06 | .06 | .48 | ||
| CWIT – 4 (flexibility) | 54.13 | 11.64 | 0 | 48.43 | 8.24 | 0 | .03 | .05 | .56 | ||
| VF – switching | 15.03 | 2.71 | 2 | 6 | 16.50 | 2.66 | 0 | .04 | .05 | .55 | |
| TMT – Part B | 58.81 | 21.71 | 4 | 13 | 48.63 | 13.14 | 0 | .03 | .05 | .57 | |
| Lexical access | |||||||||||
| VF – phonemic | 14.94 | 3.81 | 4 | 13 | 17.17 | 2.94 | 0 | .01 | .01 | .65 | |
| VF – semantic | 21.29 | 4.20 | 4 | 13 | 24.77 | 4.68 | 1 | 3 | <.01 | <.01 | .80 |
| Verbal learning | |||||||||||
| LM, total immediate | 43.35 | 8.68 | 0 | 48.03 | 8.57 | 0 | .04 | .08 | .54 | ||
| RAVLT, total learning | 55.52 | 6.81 | 0 | 57.77 | 6.37 | 0 | .19 | .19 | .34 | ||
| Verbal memory | |||||||||||
| LM – Story A, delayed | 13.61 | 3.49 | 0 | 14.50 | 3.44 | 0 | .32 | .32 | .26 | ||
| LM – Story B, delayed | 14.68 | 3.94 | 0 | 17.07 | 3.12 | 0 | .01 | .03 | .67 | ||
| RAVLT, delayed | 12.26 | 2.46 | 0 | 12.90 | 1.94 | 0 | .26 | .32 | .29 | ||
| Retention rates | |||||||||||
| Logical Memory | 88.65 | 9.80 | 0 | 91.00 | 9.61 | 0 | .35 | .70 | .24 | ||
| RAVLT | 101.22 | 8.11 | 0 | 102.12 | 10.61 | 0 | .71 | .71 | .10 | ||
Impairment on a single test is determined by performance at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., scaled score ≤ 5, z-score ≤ −1.64) *False Discovery Rate adjusted p value; LM = Logical Memory; RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; TMT = Trail Making Test; CWIT = Color-Word Interference Test; VF = Verbal fluency †A participant from the trauma-exposed group did not complete two subtests (i.e., PASAT 2 and 3) included in the attention and working memory composite score