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. 2021 Oct 26;12(1):1959117. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1959117

Table 3.

Cognitive raw data and impairment per subtest

  PTSD
(n = 31)
Trauma-exposed
(n = 30)
     
  Raw score
Impaired
Raw score
Impaired
P value
Effect size
Cognitive domain M SD n % M SD n % p p’* Cohen’s d
Information processing speed                      
TMT – Part A 23.29 6.48 0   20.13 6.34 0   .06 .08 .49
Digit Symbol Test 76.35 14.70 0   79.33 14.73 1 3 .43 .43 .20
CWIT – 1 (color) 27.71 4.86 0   25.43 3.66 0   .04 .08 .53
CWIT – 2 (word) 20.48 2.67 0   18.67 2.92 0   .01 .06 .62
Attention and working memory                      
PASAT (3 s) 46.55 8.85 4 13 50.79 7.51 2 7 .05 .20 .52
PASAT (2 s) 36.32 8.45 1 3 39.41 7.78 0   .15 .20 .38
d2 Test of Attention 443.19 88.51 1 3 468.80 72.71 0   .22 .22 .32
RAVLT, first recall A 6.39 2.16 3 10 7.17 1.97 1 3 .15 .20 .38
Executive functions                      
CWIT – 3 (inhibition) 49.32 10.45 0   44.50 9.48 0   .06 .06 .48
CWIT – 4 (flexibility) 54.13 11.64 0   48.43 8.24 0   .03 .05 .56
VF – switching 15.03 2.71 2 6 16.50 2.66 0   .04 .05 .55
TMT – Part B 58.81 21.71 4 13 48.63 13.14 0   .03 .05 .57
Lexical access                      
VF – phonemic 14.94 3.81 4 13 17.17 2.94 0   .01 .01 .65
VF – semantic 21.29 4.20 4 13 24.77 4.68 1 3 <.01 <.01 .80
Verbal learning                      
LM, total immediate 43.35 8.68 0   48.03 8.57 0   .04 .08 .54
RAVLT, total learning 55.52 6.81 0   57.77 6.37 0   .19 .19 .34
Verbal memory                      
LM – Story A, delayed 13.61 3.49 0   14.50 3.44 0   .32 .32 .26
LM – Story B, delayed 14.68 3.94 0   17.07 3.12 0   .01 .03 .67
RAVLT, delayed 12.26 2.46 0   12.90 1.94 0   .26 .32 .29
Retention rates                      
Logical Memory 88.65 9.80 0   91.00 9.61 0   .35 .70 .24
RAVLT 101.22 8.11 0   102.12 10.61 0   .71 .71 .10

Impairment on a single test is determined by performance at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., scaled score ≤ 5, z-score ≤ −1.64) *False Discovery Rate adjusted p value; LM = Logical Memory; RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; TMT = Trail Making Test; CWIT = Color-Word Interference Test; VF = Verbal fluency A participant from the trauma-exposed group did not complete two subtests (i.e., PASAT 2 and 3) included in the attention and working memory composite score