Table II.

Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolic in COVID-19 patients without absolute contraindications to anticoagulation

Clinical scenario	Choice and dosing considerations for anticoagulation#	Intensity and dose of anticoagulant	Duration
VTE prophylaxis in non-critically-ill COVID-19 patients (general ward)	Preference order:  LMWH/fonda > UFH > DOAC   Prefer UFH if CrCl <30 ml/min  Prefer intermediate-dose if weight >100 kg/BMI >30 kg/m2  50% dose reduction if platelet  count <50×109/l  Stop anticoagulation if platelet count <25×109/l	Standard-dose prophylaxis:   Enoxaparin 40 mg s.c. OD  UFH 5000 units s.c. BID/TID  Fondaparinux 2.5 mg s.c. OD  Rivaroxaban 10 mg PO OD   Apixaban 2.5 mg PO OD	Till the length of hospital stay (consider prophylactic anticoagulation at discharge for two weeks in patients at high risk for VTE but low bleeding risk)
		Intermediate-dose prophylaxis:  Enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg s.c. OD or 40 mg s.c. BID   UFH 7500 units s.c. BID/TID  Fondaparinux 5 mg s.c. OD
VTE prophylaxis in critically-ill COVID-19 patients (ICU)	Preference order: LMWH > UFH > Fonda/DOAC  Prefer UFH if CrCl <30 ml/min  Prefer intermediate-dose if weight >100 kg/BMI >30 kg/m2 50% dose reduction if platelet count <50×109/l   Stop anticoagulation if platelet count <25×109/l	Intermediate-dose prophylaxis:  Enoxaparin s.c. 0.5 mg/kg OD or 40 mg BID  UFH 7500 units s.c. BID/TID  Fondaparinux 5 mg s.c. OD	Continue prophylactic anticoagulation at discharge for 2-6 wk in patients with low bleeding risk
		Therapeutic anticoagulation:  Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg s.c. BID   UFH IV bolus 80 units/kg followed by infusion at 18 units/kg/h (adjusted according to aPTT)  Fondaparinux 7.5 mg s.c. OD  Rivaroxaban 20 mg PO OD  Apixaban 5 mg PO BID
VTE treatment in COVID-19 patients in hospital	Preference order: LMWH > UFH > Fonda > DOAC  Prefer UFH if CrCl <30 ml/min 50% dose reduction if platelet count <50×109/l  Stop anticoagulation if platelet count <25×109/l	Therapeutic anticoagulation:  Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg s.c. BID  UFH IV bolus 80 units/kg followed by infusion at 12-18 units/kg/h (adjusted according to aPTT) fondaparinux 7.5 mg s.c. OD   Rivaroxaban 20 mg PO OD  Apixaban 5 mg PO BID	Minimum three months duration
VTE treatment in COVID-19 patients after discharge	Preference order: LMWH/DOAC >warfarin	Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg s.c. BID Rivaroxaban 20 mg PO OD Apixaban 5 mg PO BID

Source: Refs 64,66. ^#Mechanical thromboprophylaxis in patients with absolute contraindications for anticoagulant therapy. VTE, venous thromboembolic; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; UFH, unfractionated heparin; BMI, body mass index; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulants; ICU, intensive care unit; IV, intravenous; BMI, body mass index; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; crcl, creatinine clearance; SC, subcutaneous; OD, once daily; BID, twice daily; TID, three times a day; PO, per oral.