Table 1. Characteristics of undocumented migrants and uninsured legal residents (N = 784) who participated in the Kruispost study to screen for HBV, HCV and HIV, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 2018- October 2019.
| Total (N = 784) | Participants who had blood draw (N = 451) | Participants who refrained from blood draw (N = 333) | P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sex | .993 | ||||||
| Heterosexual men | 391 | 50 | 224 | 50 | 167 | 50 | |
| Men having sex with men | 65 | 8 | 38 | 8 | 27 | 8 | |
| Female | 326 | 42 | 187 | 42 | 139 | 42 | |
| Other | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 40 | (31–50) | 43 | (33–52) | 38 | (29–47) | < .001 |
| Age, categorized | .001 | ||||||
| <35 years | 262 | 33 | 133 | 30 | 129 | 39 | |
| 35–49 years | 309 | 39 | 173 | 38 | 136 | 41 | |
| 50–64 years | 187 | 24 | 125 | 28 | 62 | 19 | |
| ≥65 years | 26 | 3 | 20 | 4 | 6 | 2 | |
| Kruispost target population | .931 | ||||||
| Undocumented migrants | 724 | 92 | 418 | 93 | 306 | 92 | |
| Uninsured legal residents | 60 | 8 | 33 | 7 | 27 | 8 | |
| Region of birth ** | .001 | ||||||
| Europe | 40 | 5 | 21 | 5 | 19 | 6 | |
| Asia | 234 | 30 | 131 | 29 | 103 | 31 | |
| Africa | 276 | 35 | 184 | 41 | 92 | 28 | |
| North /South America | 233 | 30 | 115 | 26 | 118 | 36 | |
| Educational level | .027 | ||||||
| No school | 36 | 5 | 27 | 6 | 9 | 3 | |
| Primary school | 137 | 18 | 85 | 19 | 52 | 16 | |
| Secondary school | 325 | 42 | 191 | 43 | 134 | 41 | |
| Higher education | 280 | 36 | 146 | 33 | 134 | 41 | |
| Migration history | |||||||
| Year of leaving country of origin, median (IQR) | 2011 | (2003–2016) | 2010 | (2002–2016) | 2012 | (2005–2016) | .025 |
| Year of leaving country of origin | .186 | ||||||
| <2010 | 346 | 45 | 212 | 47 | 134 | 41 | |
| 2010–2017 | 335 | 43 | 182 | 40 | 153 | 47 | |
| ≥2018 | 93 | 12 | 54 | 12 | 39 | 12 | |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands, median (IQR) | 2013 | (2006–2017) | 2013 | (2004–2017) | 2014 | (2007–2017) | .043 |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands | .232 | ||||||
| <2010 | 287 | 37 | 177 | 40 | 110 | 34 | |
| 2010–2017 | 316 | 41 | 176 | 39 | 140 | 43 | |
| ≥2018 | 173 | 22 | 95 | 21 | 78 | 24 | |
| Way of entering the Netherlands | .827 | ||||||
| (Expired) tourist/working/student visa | 413 | 53 | 232 | 52 | 181 | 55 | |
| Rejected asylum seeker | 139 | 18 | 81 | 18 | 58 | 18 | |
| EU citizen | 46 | 6 | 27 | 6 | 19 | 6 | |
| Illegally crossing borders | 121 | 16 | 76 | 17 | 45 | 14 | |
| Legally/work/other visa$ | 37 | 5 | 20 | 5 | 17 | 5 | |
| Other/unknown | 19 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 2 | |
| Housing situation (multiple answers possible) | |||||||
| BBB (Bed Bath Bread) facility# | 58 | 7 | 32 | 7 | 26 | 8 | .706 |
| Friends/family | 411 | 52 | 238 | 53 | 173 | 52 | .820 |
| Illegal rent | 173 | 22 | 98 | 22 | 75 | 23 | .791 |
| Housing provided by charity | 67 | 9 | 45 | 10 | 22 | 7 | .095 |
| Lives on the streets | 63 | 8 | 31 | 7 | 32 | 10 | .164 |
| Lives in other housing## | 53 | 7 | 31 | 7 | 22 | 7 | .883 |
| Number of housemates | .588 | ||||||
| No housemates | 110 | 14 | 66 | 15 | 44 | 14 | |
| <3 | 345 | 45 | 190 | 43 | 78 | 48 | |
| 3–6 | 232 | 30 | 137 | 31 | 153 | 29 | |
| ≥6 | 81 | 11 | 50 | 11 | 13 | 10 | |
| HBV/HCV Risk factors | |||||||
| Ever admitted/treated in a foreign hospital | 276 | 36 | 157 | 35 | 119 | 36 | .781 |
| Ever had surgery abroad | 261 | 33 | 151 | 34 | 110 | 33 | .901 |
| Ever received a blood transfusion | .193 | ||||||
| No | 725 | 93 | 415 | 92 | 310 | 93 | |
| Yes | 45 | 6 | 25 | 6 | 20 | 6 | |
| Unknown | 12 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0.6 | |
| More than 3 sexual partners in the previous 6 months | 104 | 14 | 69 | 16 | 35 | 11 | .048 |
| Ever (been) paid for sex | .072 | ||||||
| No, never | 631 | 81 | 351 | 78 | 280 | 84 | |
| Yes, ever paid | 127 | 16 | 82 | 18 | 45 | 14 | |
| Yes, ever been paid | 24 | 3 | 17 | 4 | 7 | 2 | |
| Ever injected drugs | 18 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 13 | 4 | .010 |
| Infectious disease (testing) history | |||||||
| Ever tested for HBV | .023 | ||||||
| No | 434 | 56 | 254 | 56 | 180 | 54 | |
| Unknown | 120 | 15 | 78 | 17 | 42 | 13 | |
| Yes, test was negative | 201 | 26 | 101 | 22 | 100 | 30 | |
| Yes, test was positive | 12 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0.6 | |
| Yes, but results of tests are unknown | 15 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | |
| Ever tested for HCV | .008 | ||||||
| No | 478 | 61 | 287 | 64 | 191 | 58 | |
| Unknown | 173 | 22 | 102 | 23 | 71 | 21 | |
| Yes, test was negative | 126 | 16 | 60 | 13 | 66 | 20 | |
| Yes, test was positive | 4 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | |
| Yes, but results of tests are unknown | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ever tested for HIV | .683 | ||||||
| No | 387 | 50 | 219 | 49 | 168 | 51 | |
| Unknown | 56 | 7 | 37 | 8 | 19 | 6 | |
| Yes, test was negative | 323 | 41 | 186 | 41 | 137 | 41 | |
| Yes, test was positive | 8 | 1 | 4 | 0.9 | 4 | 1 | |
| Yes, but results of tests are unknown | 8 | 1 | 4 | 0.9 | 4 | 1 | |
| Mother with liver disease | .120 | ||||||
| No | 631 | 81 | 351 | 78 | 280 | 84 | |
| Yes, HBV or HCV | 6 | 0.8 | 4 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.6 | |
| Yes, liver cancer | 6 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.9 | |
| Unknown | 139 | 18 | 92 | 20 | 47 | 14 | |
| Other family member with liver disease | .149 | ||||||
| No | 593 | 76 | 332 | 74 | 261 | 79 | |
| Yes, HBV or HCV | 36 | 5 | 27 | 6 | 9 | 3 | |
| Yes, liver cancer | 13 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | |
| Unknown | 140 | 18 | 83 | 18 | 57 | 17 | |
* Differences in variables according to whether or not patients received blood draw were assessed using Fisher’s Exact test for categorical data. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous data.
** The most common countries of birth were Brazil (n = 142), Philippines (n = 90), Nigeria (n = 80), Morocco (n = 46), Surinam (n = 43), Egypt (n = 33), Ghana (n = 33), Indonesia (n = 26), Eritrea (n = 23), India (n = 17), Colombia (n = 15), Iran (n = 14), and Somalia (n = 11).
$ Include family visa and Schengen visa.
# The bed, bath, bread regulation arranges basic emergency shelter for rejected asylum seekers provided by the Dutch government.
## Includes legal rent, housing for asylum seekers, boats, employers, hotels, crisis care, winter care and outdoors.
Missing values: Region of birth n = 1; education n = 3; year of leaving country of origin n = 5; year of arrival in the Netherlands 4; method of entering the Netherlands n = 4; number of housemates 8; admitted to foreign hospital 6; surgery abroad 2; blood transfusion 2; biological male having sex with men 1; more than 3 sexual partners in previous 6 months 21; ever (been) paid for sex 2; injected drugs 2; ever tested HBV/HCV/HIV 2; liver disease mother/family 2.
Abbreviations: IQR–inter quartile range; EU–European Union; BBB–bed bath bread; HBV–Hepatitis B Virus; HCV–Hepatitis C Virus; HIV–Human Immunodeficiency Virus.