Table 3. Characteristics of undocumented migrants and uninsured legal residents tested for HBV (N = 438) by HBV status, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 2018- October 2019.
| No HBV infection (N = 308) | Resolved HBV infection (N = 119) | Chronic HBV infection (N = 11) | P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sex | .001 | ||||||
| Heterosexual men | 132 | 43 | 76 | 64 | 9 | 82 | |
| Men having sex with men | 29 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Female | 146 | 48 | 34 | 29 | 2 | 18 | |
| Other | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 39.5 | (32–51) | 46 | (36–54) | 42 | (29–50) | .034 |
| Age, categorized | .176 | ||||||
| <35 years | 102 | 33 | 24 | 20 | 4 | 36 | |
| 35–49 years | 114 | 37 | 48 | 40 | 4 | 36 | |
| 50–64 years | 81 | 26 | 40 | 34 | 3 | 27 | |
| ≥65 years | 11 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kruispost target population | .802 | ||||||
| Undocumented migrants | 286 | 93 | 110 | 92 | 10 | 91 | |
| Uninsured legal residents | 22 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 9 | |
| Region of birth ** | < .001 | ||||||
| Europe | 16 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 18 | |
| Asia | 106 | 34 | 20 | 17 | 2 | 18 | |
| Africa | 90 | 29 | 78 | 66 | 7 | 64 | |
| North /South America | 96 | 31 | 19 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
| Educational level | .008 | ||||||
| No school | 14 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Primary school | 48 | 17 | 35 | 29 | 1 | 9 | |
| Secondary school | 141 | 46 | 43 | 36 | 3 | 27 | |
| Higher education | 103 | 34 | 32 | 27 | 7 | 64 | |
| Migration history | |||||||
| Year of leaving country of origin, median (IQR) | 2011 | (2003–2016) | 2007 | (2001–2014) | 2012 | (2000–2016) | .007 |
| Year of leaving country of origin | .019 | ||||||
| <2010 | 131 | 43 | 69 | 58 | 5 | 46 | |
| 2010–2017 | 129 | 42 | 43 | 36 | 5 | 46 | |
| ≥2018 | 46 | 15 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 9 | |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands, median (IQR) | 2014 | (2006–2017) | 2010 | (2003–2016) | 2012 | (2006–2018) | .101 |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands | .295 | ||||||
| <2010 | 110 | 36 | 56 | 47 | 4 | 36 | |
| 2010–2017 | 125 | 41 | 42 | 35 | 4 | 36 | |
| ≥2018 | 71 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 3 | 27 | |
| Way of entering the Netherlands | .046 | ||||||
| (Expired) tourist/working/student visa | 176 | 58 | 47 | 39 | 5 | 45 | |
| Rejected asylum seeker | 48 | 16 | 27 | 23 | 3 | 27 | |
| EU citizen | 18 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 9 | |
| Illegally crossing borders | 40 | 13 | 30 | 25 | 2 | 18 | |
| Legally/work/other visa$ | 14 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other/unknown | 9 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Housing situation (multiple answers possible) | |||||||
| BBB (Bed Bath Bread) facility# | 17 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 18 | .093 |
| friends/family | 165 | 54 | 63 | 53 | 3 | 27 | .242 |
| illegal rent | 70 | 23 | 22 | 18 | 3 | 27 | .526 |
| housing provided by charity | 26 | 8 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 27 | .048 |
| Lives on the streets | 15 | 5 | 15 | 13 | 1 | 9 | .017 |
| Lives in other housing## | 24 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | .547 |
| Number of housemates | .900 | ||||||
| No housemates | 45 | 15 | 18 | 16 | 2 | 18 | |
| <3 | 129 | 43 | 46 | 40 | 6 | 55 | |
| 3–5 | 97 | 32 | 36 | 31 | 2 | 18 | |
| ≥6 | 32 | 11 | 16 | 14 | 1 | 9 | |
| Risk factors | |||||||
| Ever admitted/treated in a foreign hospital | 115 | 38 | 36 | 31 | 4 | 36 | .353 |
| Ever had surgery abroad | 117 | 38 | 33 | 28 | 1 | 9 | .025 |
| Ever received a blood transfusion | .160 | ||||||
| No/unknown | 285 | 93 | 116 | 97 | 11 | 100 | |
| Yes | 22 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| More than 3 sexual partners in the previous 6 months | 46 | 16 | 21 | 18 | 2 | 18 | .703 |
| Ever (been) paid for sex | .150 | ||||||
| No, never | 248 | 81 | 85 | 71 | 8 | 73 | |
| Yes, ever paid | 48 | 16 | 29 | 24 | 2 | 18 | |
| Yes, ever been paid | 11 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 9 | |
| Ever injected drugs | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 9 | .140 |
* Differences in variables according to HBV status were assessed using Fisher exact test for categorical data. Kruskal Wallis test was used for continuous data.
** The most common countries of birth were Brazil (n = 67), Nigeria (n = 59), Philippines (n = 45), Surinam (n = 28), Ghana (n = 26), Morocco (n = 24), Egypt (n = 19), Eritrea (n = 14), and Indonesia (n = 14).
$ Include family visa and Schengen visa.
# The bed, bath, bread regulation arranges basic emergency shelter for rejected asylum seekers provided by the Dutch government.
## Includes legal rent, housing for asylum seekers, boats, employers, hotels, crisis care, winter care and outdoors.
Abbreviations: HBV–hepatitis B virus; IQR–interquartile range; EU–European Union; BBB–bed bath bread.