Table 4. Determinants of HBV exposure among undocumented migrants and uninsured legal residents that were tested for HBV (n = 130/438) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 2018—October 2019 (univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses).
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Sex | < .001 | |||||
| Heterosexual men | Ref | |||||
| Men having sex with men | 0.48 | 0.22–1.06 | ||||
| Female | 0.38 | 0.24–0.60 | ||||
| Age in years | .081 | .034 | ||||
| <35 years | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 35–49 years | 1.66 | 0.98–2.83 | 1.68 | 0.96–2.96 | ||
| 50–64 years | 1.93 | 1.11–3.38 | 2.46 | 1.34–4.50 | ||
| ≥65 years | 2.32 | 0.82–6.53 | 2.03 | 0.67–6.17 | ||
| Kruispost target population | .841 | |||||
| Undocumented migrant | Ref | |||||
| Uninsured legal resident | 1.08 | 0.50–2.36 | ||||
| Region of birth * | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Europe | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Asia | 0.83 | 0.25–2.72 | 0.67 | 0.20–2.25 | ||
| Africa | 3.78 | 1.21–11.75 | 3.29 | 1.04–10.36 | ||
| North/South America | 0.79 | 0.24–2.63 | 0.63 | 0.19–2.14 | ||
| Educational level | .017 | |||||
| No school | Ref | |||||
| Primary school | 1.17 | 0.45–2.99 | ||||
| Secondary school | 0.51 | 0.21–1.25 | ||||
| Higher education | 0.59 | 0.24–1.47 | ||||
| Migration history | ||||||
| Year of leaving country of origin | .004 | |||||
| <2010 | Ref | |||||
| 2010–2017 | 0.66 | 0.43–1.02 | ||||
| ≥2018 | 0.31 | 0.14–0.69 | ||||
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands | .133 | |||||
| <2010 | Ref | |||||
| 2010–2017 | 0.67 | 0.43–1.07 | ||||
| ≥2018 | 0.62 | 0.35–1.08 | ||||
| Way of entering the Netherlands | .009 | |||||
| Expired tourist/working/student visa | Ref | |||||
| Rejected asylum seeker | 2.12 | 1.22–3.677 | ||||
| EU citizen | 1.50 | 0.62–3.66 | ||||
| Illegally crossing borders | 2.71 | 1.55–4.73 | ||||
| Legally/work/other visa$ | 1.21 | 0.42–3.51 | ||||
| Other/unknown | 1.13 | 0.29–4.32 | ||||
| Housing situation (multiple answers possible) | ||||||
| Lives in BBB (Bed Bath Bread) facility# | 1.90 | 0.90–4.04 | .101 | |||
| Lives with friends/family | 0.89 | 0.59–1.35 | .592 | |||
| Lives in illegal rent | 0.81 | 0.49–1.35 | .413 | |||
| Lives in housing provided by charity | 1.86 | 0.99–3.49 | .059 | |||
| Lives on the streets | 2.74 | 1.31–5.73 | .008 | |||
| Lives in other housing## | 0.57 | 0.23–1.44 | .213 | |||
| Number of housemates | .841 | |||||
| No housemates | Ref | |||||
| <3 | 0.91 | 0.49–1.68 | ||||
| 3–5 | 0.88 | 0.46–1.68 | ||||
| ≥6 | 1.20 | 0.54–2.63 | ||||
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Ever admitted/treated in a foreign hospital | 0.74 | 0.48–1.15 | .173 | |||
| Ever had surgery abroad | 0.58 | 0.37–0.91 | .015 | |||
| Ever received a blood transfusion | .030 | |||||
| No/unknown | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 0.31 | 0.09–1.04 | ||||
| More than 3 sexual partners in the previous 6 months | 1.20 | 0.69–2.08 | .515 | |||
| Ever (been) paid for sex | .106 | |||||
| No, never | Ref | |||||
| Yes, ever paid | 1.72 | 1.03–2.87 | ||||
| Yes, ever been paid | 1.45 | 0.52–4.05 | ||||
| Ever injected drugs | 1.58 | 0.26–9.59 | .624 | |||
* The most common countries of birth were Brazil (n = 67), Nigeria (n = 59), Philippines (n = 45), Surinam (n = 28), Ghana (n = 26), Morocco (n = 24), Egypt (n = 19), Eritrea (n = 14), and Indonesia (n = 14).
$ Includes family visa and Schengen visa.
# The bed, bath, bread regulation arranges basic emergency shelter for rejected asylum seekers provided by the Dutch government.
## Includes legal rent, housing for asylum seekers, boats, employers, hotels, crisis care, winter care, campers and forest huts.
Abbreviations: Ref–reference category; HBV–hepatitis B virus; OR–odds ratio; CI–confidence interval; IQR–inter quartile range; EU–European Union; BBB–bed bath bread.