Table 5. Characteristics of undocumented migrants and uninsured legal residents tested for HCV (N = 435) by HCV status, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 2018- October 2019.
| No HCV infection (N = 425) | Resolved HCV infection (N = 7) | Chronic HCV infection (N = 3) | P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sex | .273 | ||||||
| Heterosexual men | 207 | 49 | 3 | 43 | 2 | 67 | |
| Men having sex with men | 36 | 8 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 33 | |
| Female | 179 | 42 | 3 | 43 | 0 | 100 | |
| Other | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 42 | (32–52) | 51 | (34–59) | 52 | (31–61) | .294 |
| Age, categorized | .053 | ||||||
| <35 years | 126 | 30 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 33 | |
| 35–49 years | 166 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50–64 years | 115 | 27 | 5 | 71 | 2 | 67 | |
| ≥65 years | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kruispost target population | .538 | ||||||
| Undocumented migrants | 394 | 93 | 6 | 86 | 3 | 100 | |
| Uninsured legal residents | 31 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| Region of birth ** | .726 | ||||||
| Europe | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Asia | 125 | 29 | 3 | 43 | 1 | 33 | |
| Africa | 169 | 40 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 33 | |
| North /South America | 111 | 26 | 3 | 43 | 1 | 33 | |
| Educational level | .581 | ||||||
| No school | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Primary school | 78 | 18 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 67 | |
| Secondary school | 183 | 43 | 3 | 43 | 1 | 33 | |
| Higher education | 139 | 33 | 3 | 43 | 0 | 0 | |
| Migration history | |||||||
| Year of leaving country of origin, median (IQR) | 2010 | (2002–2016) | 1995 | (1988–2015) | 2008 | (2003–2015) | .369 |
| Year of leaving country of origin | .967 | ||||||
| <2010 | 197 | 47 | 4 | 57 | 2 | 67 | |
| 2010–2017 | 172 | 41 | 3 | 43 | 1 | 33 | |
| ≥2018 | 54 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands, median (IQR) | 2013 | (2005–2017) | 2015 | (1988–2016) | 2008 | (2003–2015) | .617 |
| Year of arrival in the Netherlands | .958 | ||||||
| <2010 | 163 | 39 | 3 | 43 | 2 | 67 | |
| 2010–2017 | 166 | 39 | 3 | 43 | 1 | 33 | |
| ≥2018 | 94 | 22 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| Way of entering the Netherlands | .398 | ||||||
| (Expired) tourist/working/student visa | 221 | 52 | 5 | 71 | 1 | 33 | |
| Rejected asylum seeker | 76 | 18 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| EU citizen | 25 | 6 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| Illegally crossing borders | 70 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33 | |
| Legally/work/other visa$ | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33 | |
| Other/unknown | 12 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Housing situation (multiple answers possible) | |||||||
| BBB (Bed Bath Bread) facility# | 29 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .999 |
| friends/family | 223 | 52 | 4 | 57 | 3 | 100 | .345 |
| illegal rent | 93 | 22 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | .999 |
| housing provided by charity | 45 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .999 |
| Lives on the streets | 30 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | .526 |
| Lives in other housing## | 29 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | .514 |
| Number of housemates | .528 | ||||||
| No housemates | 63 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| <3 | 173 | 41 | 5 | 71 | 3 | 100 | |
| 3–5 | 132 | 32 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| ≥6 | 49 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Risk factors | |||||||
| Ever admitted/treated in a foreign hospital | 152 | 36 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 33 | .999 |
| Ever had surgery abroad | 149 | 35 | 2 | 29 | 0 | 0 | .746 |
| Ever received a blood transfusion | .999 | ||||||
| No/unknown | 399 | 94 | 7 | 100 | 3 | 100 | |
| Yes | 25 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| More than 3 sexual partners in the previous 6 months | 67 | 16 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 0 | .999 |
| Ever (been) paid for sex | .527 | ||||||
| No, never | 330 | 78 | 7 | 100 | 2 | 67 | |
| Yes, ever paid | 77 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33 | |
| Yes, ever been paid | 17 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ever injected drugs | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .999 |
* Differences in variables according to HCV status were assessed using Fisher’s Exact test for categorical data. Kruskal Wallis test was used for continuous data.
** The most common countries of birth were Brazil (n = 67), Nigeria (n = 58), Philippines (n = 46), Surinam (n = 28), Ghana (n = 25), Morocco (n = 24), Egypt (n = 19), Eritrea (n = 14), and Indonesia (n = 14).
$ Include family visa and Schengen visa.
# The bed, bath, bread regulation arranges basic emergency shelter for rejected asylum seekers provided by the Dutch government.
## Includes legal rent, housing for asylum seekers, boats, employers, hotels, crisis care, winter care and outdoors.
Abbreviations: HCV–hepatitis C virus; IQR–interquartile range; EU–European Union; BBB–bed bath bread.