Table 4. Effectiveness results of management-based mobile interventions.

Management-based mobile interventions
Outcome and outcome domain	Study ID	Effect estimate [95% CI or p value]	Statistical significance	Clinical importance	GRADE certainty
Antenatal interventions
Biological stress	Dennis-Tiwary 2017 [64]	F 1,22 = 4.96 [p = 0.037]	Yes	No	Low
Utilization of care	Hantsoo 2018 [65]	MD = 0.88 [-1.08 to 2.84]	No	No	Very low
Perinatal interventions
Psychological wellbeing	Carissoli 2017 [62]	Autonomy F = 5.725 [p<0.05]	Yes	No	Very low
Postpartum interventions
Depression severity	Prasad 2018 [67] Sawyer 2019 [68]	MD = -0.93 [-2.08 to 0.21]	No	No	Very low
Depression severity	Baumel 2018 [61]	MD = 2.82 [-0.49 to 6.13]	No	No	Low
Depression severity	Jannati 2020 [66]	MD = -6.87 [-7.92 to -5.82]	Yes	Yes	Very low
Anxiety severity	Constant 2014 [63]	MD = -1.30 [-2.33 to -0.27]	Yes	No	Very low
Psychological wellbeing	Prasad 2018 [67]	MD = 0.23 [-2.73 to 0.73]	Yes	No	Very low
Psychological stress	Constant 2014 [63]	Avoidance B = -1.8 [-3.2 to -0.4] Intrusion B = -1.4 [-2.9 to 0.2]	Yes No	No No	Very low
Utilization of care	Sawyer 2019 [68]	[intervention vs control; p value] GP visits: 78% vs 63% [p = 0.09] A&E visits: 15% vs 4% [p = 0.04] Online care: 67% vs 46% [p = 0.03]	No Yes Yes	No No No	Very low