Table 4.

Risk Factor Analysis for Mortality in LVAD Patients Who Developed COVID-19

Characteristics	Alive (N = 19)	Death (N = 9)	Odd Ratio (CI)	p
Age ≥60 years old, n (%)	13 (68)	6 (67)	0.92 (0.2–5.0)	0.92
Male, n (%)	15 (79)	7 (78)	1.07 (0.16–7.3)	0.94
BMI, median (IQR) (kg/m2)	27 (25–31)	29 (23–32)	1.01 (0.88–1.1)	0.83
A blood group, n (%)	7 (37)	2 (22)	0.49 (0.08–3.0)	0.44
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	10 (52)	2 (22)	0.26 (0.04–1.6)	0.14
CKD stage ≥3, n (%)	8 (42)	4 (44)	1.1 (0.22–5.4)	0.91
Lung disease, n (%)	7 (37)	3 (33)	0.86 (0.16–4.5)	0.86
Smoking history, n (%)	7 (37)	5 (56)	2.1 (0.43–10.7)	0.35
Duration on LVAD support in days, median (IQR)	866 (330–1469)	777 (484–1,110)	1.0 (0.99–1.0)	0.52
ICU admission, n (%)	6 (32)	7 (78)	7.6 (1.2–48)	0.03
HFNC, NIPPV, or mechanical ventilation, n (%)	2 (11)	3 (33)	6.7 (1.1–40)	0.04
Mechanical ventilation, n (%)	2 (11)	3 (33)	14 (1.3–159)	0.03
Vasopressor support, n (%)	0	2 (22)	–	>0.99
Renal replacement therapy*, n (%)	0	2 (22)	–	>0.99
Severe RV dysfunction, n (%)	3 (16)	1 (11)	0.7 (0.6 – 7.4)	0.74
Peak lactate dehydrogenase	381 (298–581)	568 (524–935)	1.0 (0.99–1.0)	0.06
Peak troponin I (ng/mL)	0.04 (0.02–0.04)	0.09 (0.04–0.12)	–	0.54
Peak D-dimer (mg/L)	2.21 (1.73–3.64)	6.5 (4.7–9.0)	1.07 (0.93–1.2)	0.33
Peak ferritin (ng/mL)	496 (333–1,079)	784 (316–2,819)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	0.26
Peak CRP (mg/mL)	8.1 (2.6–14.0)	14 (4.7–16)	1.09 (0.96–1.2)	0.18
Remdesevir, n (%)	7 (37)	4 (44)	1.4 (0.27–6.8)	0.70
Systemic glucocorticosteroid, n (%)	3 (16)	6 (67)	10 (1.7–68)	0.01
Treatment dose anticoagulation, n (%)	9 (47)	5 (56)	1.4 (0.28–6.8)	0.69

Bold values: p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

KD, chronic kidney disease; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; RV, right ventricular.