Table 2.
Impact of Event scale (IES) and psychological distress impacts by sociodemographic factors.
| Variables | Gender (n = 465) |
P –valuea | Age Group (Years) (n = 465) |
P –valuea | Educational Qualification (n = 465) |
P –valuea | Marital Status (n = 465) |
P –valuea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 330) | Female (n = 135) | Below 25 (n = 212) | Above 26 (n = 253) | Below Bachelor (n = 64) | Bachelor (n = 167) | Masters or PhD (n = 234) | Married (n = 170) | Unmarried (n = 295) | |||||
| IES | 81.1 ± 9.0 | 80.4 ± 8.7 | 0.235b | 80.4 ± 9.6 | 81.3 ± 8.3 | 0.189b | 81.5 ± 7.8 | 80.9 ± 9.4 | 80.9 ± 8.4 | 0.568c | 81.5 ± 7.8 | 80.5 ± 9.5 | 0.256b |
| IES >75 | 89 (27.0) | 40 (29.6) | 0.561 | 65 (30.7) | 64 (25.3) | 0.198 | 19 (29.7) | 48 (28.7) | 62 (26.5) | 0.825 | 42 (24.7) | 87 (29.5) | 0.267 |
| Depression | |||||||||||||
| Feel sad, dirty or unwell [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 80 (24.1) | 46 (34.1) | 0.061 | 66 (31.1) | 60 (23.7) | 0.167 | 23 (35.8) | 45 (26.9) | 58 (24.8) | 0.486 | 39 (22.9) | 87 (29.5) | 0.268 |
| Neutral | 52 (15.8) | 23 (17.0) | 30 (14.2) | 45 (17.8) | 10 (15.6) | 28 (16.8) | 37 (15.8) | 27 (15.9) | 48 (16.3) | ||||
| No | 198 (60.0) | 66 (48.9) | 116 (54.7) | 148 (58.5) | 31 (48.4) | 94 (56.3) | 139 (59.4) | 104 (61.2) | 160 (54.2) | ||||
| Feel no interest to do work [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 135 (40.9) | 41 (30.4) | 0.103 | 75 (35.4) | 101 (39.9) | 0.552 | 30 (46.9) | 58 (34.7) | 88 (37.6) | 0.215 | 62 (36.5) | 114 (38.6) | 0.478 |
| Neutral | 51 (15.5) | 24 (17.8) | 34 (16.0) | 41 (16.2) | 12 (18.8) | 23 (13.8) | 40 (17.1) | 24 (14.1) | 51 (17.3) | ||||
| No | 144 (43.6) | 70 (51.9) | 103 (48.6) | 111 (43.9) | 22 (34.4) | 86 (51.1) | 106 (45.6) | 84 (49.4) | 130 (44.1) | ||||
| Feel lonely and hopeless [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 85 (25.8) | 48 (35.6) | 0.078 | 56 (26.4) | 77 (30.4) | 0.390 | 24 (37.5) | 39 (23.4) | 70 (29.9) | 0.140 | 61 (35.9) | 72 (24.4) | 0.030 |
| Neutral | 44 (13.3) | 19 (14.1) | 26 (12.3) | 37 (14.6) | 11 (17.2) | 22 (13.2) | 30 (12.8) | 20 (11.8) | 43 (14.6) | ||||
| No | 201 (60.9) | 68 (50.4) | 130 (61.3) | 139 (54.9) | 29 (45.3) | 106 (63.5) | 134 (57.3) | 89 (52.4) | 180 (61.0) | ||||
| Feel valueless [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 135 (40.9) | 42 (31.1) | 0.010 | 53 (25.0) | 124 (49.0) | 0.000 | 20 (31.2) | 44 (26.3) | 113 (48.3) | 0.000 | 89 (52.4) | 88 (29.8) | 0.000 |
| Neutral | 65 (19.7) | 19 (14.1) | 36 (17.0) | 48 (19.0) | 12 (18.8) | 30 (18.0) | 42 (17.9) | 32 (18.8) | 52 (17.6) | ||||
| No | 130 (39.4) | 74 (54.8) | 123 (58.0) | 81 (32.0) | 32 (50.0) | 93 (55.7) | 79 (33.8) | 49 (28.8) | 155 (52.5) | ||||
| Anxiety | |||||||||||||
| Feel really tense [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 50 (15.2) | 14 (10.4) | 0.113 | 30 (14.2) | 34 (13.4) | 0.850 | 12 (18.8) | 18 (10.8) | 34 (14.5) | 0.128 | 21 (12.4) | 43 (14.6) | 0.778 |
| Neutral | 58 (17.6) | 17 (12.6) | 32 (15.1) | 43 (17.0) | 5 (7.8) | 34 (20.4) | 36 (15.4) | 27 (15.9) | 48 (16.3) | ||||
| No | 222 (67.3) | 104 (77.0) | 150 (708) | 176 (69.6) | 47 (73.4) | 115 (68.9) | 164 (70.1) | 122 (71.8) | 204 (69.2) | ||||
| Feel nervous [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 90 (27.3) | 24 (17.8) | 0.096 | 56 (26.4) | 58 (22.9) | 0.675 | 19 (29.7) | 46 (275) | 49 (20.9) | 0.122 | 38 (22.4) | 76 (25.8) | 0.319 |
| Neutral | 65 (19.7) | 31 (23.0) | 42 (19.8) | 54 (21.3) | 11 (17.2) | 41 (24.6) | 44 (18.8) | 31 (18.2) | 65 (22.0) | ||||
| No | 175 (53.0) | 80 (59.3) | 114 (53.8) | 141 (55.7) | 34 (53.1) | 80 (47.9) | 141 (60.3) | 101 (59.4) | 154 (52.2) | ||||
| Feel spells of panic [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 68 (20.6) | 25 (18.5) | 0.832 | 46 (21.7) | 47 (18.6) | 0.545 | 15 (23.4) | 40 (24.0) | 38 (16.2) | 0.258 | 23 (13.5) | 70 (23.7) | 0.017 |
| Neutral | 49 (14.8) | 19 (14.1) | 33 (15.6) | 35 (13.8) | 8 (12.5) | 27 (16.2) | 33 (14.1) | 23 (13.5) | 45 (15.3) | ||||
| No | 213 (64.5) | 91 (67.4) | 133 (62.7) | 171 (67.6) | 41 (64.1) | 100 (59.9) | 163 (69.7) | 124 (72.9) | 180 (61.0) | ||||
| Somatisation Problem | |||||||||||||
| Feel weak [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 171 (51.8) | 63 (46.7) | 0.469 | 101 (47.6) | 133 (52.6) | 0.289 | 27 (42.2) | 87 (52.1) | 120 (51.3) | 0.143 | 92 (54.1) | 142 (48.1) | 0.321 |
| Neutral | 63 (19.1) | 32 (23.7) | 50 (23.6) | 45 (17.8) | 20 (31.2) | 35 (21.0) | 40 (17.1) | 29 (17.1) | 66 (22.4) | ||||
| No | 96 (29.1) | 40 (29.6) | 61 (28.8) | 75 (29.6) | 17 (26.6) | 45 (26.9) | 74 (31.6) | 49 (28.8) | 87 (29.5) | ||||
| Feel numbness, emotionlessness [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 214 (64.8) | 84 (62.2) | 0.369 | 116 (54.7) | 182 (71.9) | 0.001 | 40 (62.5) | 96 (57.5) | 162 (69.2) | 0.179 | 125 (73.5) | 173 (58.6) | 0.005 |
| Neutral | 58 (17.6) | 20 (14.8) | 44 (20.8) | 34 (13.4) | 11 (17.2) | 35 (21.0) | 32 (13.7) | 20 (11.8) | 58 (19.7) | ||||
| No | 58 (17.6) | 31 (23.0) | 52 (24.5) | 37 (146) | 13 (20.3) | 36 (21.6) | 40 (17.1) | 25 (14.7) | 64 (21.7) | ||||
| Feel dullness and exhaustive [n (%)] | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 180 (54.5) | 50 (37.0) | 0.003 | 89 (42.0) | 141 (55.7) | 0.006 | 28 (43.8) | 75 (44.9) | 127 (54.3) | 0.345 | 97 (57.1) | 133 (45.1) | 0.040 |
| Neutral | 51 (15.5) | 30 (22.2) | 38 (17.9) | 43 (17.0) | 12 (18.8) | 31 (18.6) | 38 (16.2) | 27 (15.9) | 54 (18.3) | ||||
| No | 99 (30.0) | 55 (40.7) | 85 (40.1) | 69 (27.3) | 24 (37.5) | 61 (36.5) | 69 (29.5) | 46 (27.1) | 108 (36.6) | ||||
a
Chi-square test or Chi-square test for trend was used for variables except for IES score.
b
P-value was based on unpaired t-test.
c
P-value was based on GLM univariate analysis test.