Table 5.
Major compounds detected in stingless bee propolis water extracts using GC-MS analysis.
| Compound | Propolis | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| H. fimbriata | T. apicalis | T. binghami | |
| Terpenoid | |||
| Germacrene D | + | − | − |
| Isolongifolol | + | − | − |
| Phorbol | + | − | − |
| α-Eudesmol | − | + | − |
| Isoaromadendrene epoxide | − | − | + |
|
| |||
| Sugar | |||
| D-Fructose | + | + | + |
| d-Galactose | + | + | + |
| α-D-Glucopyranoside | + | − | − |
| α-D-Galactopyranoside | + | − | − |
| d-Ribose | − | + | − |
| d-Glucose | − | + | − |
| D-Glucose | − | + | + |
| α-D-Mannopyranoside | − | + | − |
| Glycoside | − | + | − |
| Hexopyranose | − | + | + |
| α-D-Glucofuranoside | − | − | + |
|
| |||
| Carboxylic acid | |||
| α-Linolenic acid | + | − | − |
| Tricosadiynoic acid | + | − | − |
| Octadecatrienoic acid | + | − | − |
| Butanedioic acid | − | + | − |
| Propanoic acid | − | + | − |
| Cyclohexene | − | + | − |
|
| |||
| Sugar alcohol | |||
| Arabinitol | + | + | + |
| Ribitol | + | + | + |
| Arabitol | − | + | + |
| D-Glucitol | − | − | + |
|
| |||
| Hydrocarbon | |||
| Silane | − | − | + |
| Butane | − | − | + |
|
| |||
| Aldehyde | |||
| Dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + |
| Cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + |
|
| |||
| Amino acid | |||
| Pyroglutamic acid | − | + | − |
|
| |||
| Others | |||
| Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol | + | + | + |
| 3,8-Dioxa-2,9-disiladecane | + | + | |
| Silanol | − | + | − |
| 2-Mono-isobutyrin | − | − | + |