Table 2.
Study characteristics.
| First author, year | Study design | Sample size | Interventions | Age (years) mean ± SD Sex (M, F) |
H&Y mean ± SD, range, or median (IQR) | Session length, frequency, intervention duration | Medications | Outcome measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomised studies | |||||||||
| Duncan and Earhart, 2012 [62] | RCT | 62 | Argentine Tango | 69.3 ± 1.9 M: 15, F: 11 |
2.6 ± 0.1 | 1 hr class, 2/week, 12 months | Not reported but tested in the “off phase” | UPDRS-II, UPDRS-III, FOG, 6MWT, MiniBEST, gait velocity | |
| Control, no dance | 69.0 ± 1.5 M: 15, F: 11 |
2.5 ± 0.1 | |||||||
| Duncan and Earhart, 2014 [54] | RCT | 10 | Argentine Tango | 67.8 ± 8.72 M: 4, F: 1 |
2.4 | 1 hr, 2/week, 2 years | Levodopa | UPDRS-I, UPDRS-II, UPDRS-III, MiniBEST, gait velocity, TUG, dual-task TUG, 6MWT, FOGQ | |
| Control, no dance | 66 ± 11.0 M: 4, F: 1 |
2.3 | |||||||
| Kunkel et al., 2017 [55] | RCT | 51 | Dance (mixed genre) | 71.3 ± 7.7 M: 19, F: 17 |
1–3 | 1 hr, 2/week, 10 weeks | Not reported | BBS, SS180, TUG, 6MWT, Phone-FITT, EQ-5D, ABC | |
| Control, no dance | 69.7 ± 6.0 M: 6, F: 9 |
1–3 | |||||||
| Hackney and Earhart, 2010 [60] | RCT | 39 | Partner dancing | 69.6 ± 8.5 M: 13, F: 6 |
2-3 | 1 hr, 2/week, 10 weeks | Levodopa | UPDRS-III, BBS, tandem stance, one leg stance, TUG, 6MWT, gait measures | |
| Nonpartner dancing | 69.6 ± 9.5 M: 15, F: 5 |
2-2.6 | |||||||
| Hackney and Earhart, 2009 [61] | RCT | 58 | Waltz/foxtrot | 66.8 ± 2.4 M: 11, F: 6 |
2.0 ± 0.2 | 1 hr, 2/week, 13 weeks | Levodopa | UPDRS-III, BBS, TUG, 6MWT, gait measures, FOGQ | |
| Tango | 68.2 ± 1.4 M: 11, F: 3 |
2.1 ± 0.1 | |||||||
| Control, no dance | 66.5 ± 2.8 M: 12, F: 5 |
2.2 ± 0.2 | |||||||
| Hackney et al., 2007 [59] | RCT | 19 | Tango | 72.6 ± 2.20 M: 6, F: 3 |
2.3 ± 0.7 | 1 hr, 2/week, 13 weeks | PD medications | UPDRS-III, BBS, gait velocity, TUG, FOGQ | |
| Group exercise class | 69.6 ± 2.1 M: 6, F: 4 |
2.2 ± 0.6 | |||||||
| Hashimoto et al., 2015 [67] | Quasi-RCT | 46 | PD dance | 67.9 ± 7.0 M: 3, F: 12 |
Score 2 (11) | 60 min class, 1/week, 12 weeks | Not reported | TUG, BBS, UPDRS, SDS, FAB, Mental Rotation Task, Apathy Scale | |
| PD exercise | 62.7 ± 14.9 M: 2, F: 15 |
Score 3 (33) | 60 min class, 1/week, 12 weeks | ||||||
| Control, usual care | 69.7 ± 4.0 M: 7, F: 7 |
Score 4 (2) | |||||||
| Lee et al., 2015 [57] | RCT | 20 | Virtual reality dance | 68.4 ± 2.9 M: 5, F: 5 |
Not reported | 30 mins, 5/week, 6 weeks | Not reported | BBS, BDI, MBI | |
| Control | 70.1 ± 3.3 M: 5, F: 5 |
||||||||
| Lee et al., 2018 [63] | RCT with cross-over design | 32 | Qigong dance | 65.8 ± 7.2 M: 10, F: 15 |
1–3 | 60 min, 2/week, 8 weeks | Not reported | UPDRS, PDQL, BBS, BDI | |
| Control, wait list | 65.7 ± 6.4 M: 7, F: 9 |
1–3 | |||||||
| McKee and Hackney, 2013 [66] | Sequential RCT | 33 | Tango | 68.4 ± 7.5 M: 12, F: 12 |
2.3 (2.0-2.6) | 90 mins, 20 sessions, 12 weeks | PD medications | UPDRS-III, Four-Square Step Test, TUG, dual-task TUG, PDQ-39, FOGQ, SFHS-12 | |
| Lecture series | 74.4 ± 6.5 M: 8, F: 1 |
2.0 (2.0- 2.0) | |||||||
| Michels et al., 2018 [30] | Pilot RCT | 13 | Dance therapy | 69.2 ± 8.7 (total) M: 6, F: 7 (total) |
2.11 ± 0.33 2.5 ± 1.00 |
60 mins, 1/week, 10 weeks | Stable PD medication regimen | UPDRS, MOCA, TUG, BBS, BDI, FSS, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale, PDQ-39 | |
| Control, support group | |||||||||
| Poier et al., 2019 [64] | Pilot RCT | 29 | Argentine Tango | 68.50 ± 8.07 M: 9, F: 5 |
Not reported | 60 min class, 1/week, 10 weeks | Not reported | PDQ-39, BMLSS, ICPH | |
| Control, Tai Chi | 68.87 ± 10.96 M: 3, F: 12 |
||||||||
| Rocha et al., 2018 [27] | Pilot RCT | 21 | Argentine Tango | 70.2 ± 5.5 M: 4, F: 6 |
1–4 | In-person: 1 hour, 1/week Home: 40 mins, 1/week, 8 weeks |
PD medication | TUG, BBS, functional gait assessment, FOGQ, UPDRS-II and -III, PDQ-39 | |
| Mixed dance | 72.9 ± 5.5 M: 4, F: 7 |
||||||||
| Rio Romenets et al., 2015 [58] | RCT | 33 | Argentine Tango | 63.2 ± 9.9 M: 12, F: 6 |
2 ± 0.5 | 1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks | Not reported | UPDRS-III, UPDRS, MiniBEST, TUG, dual-task TUG, BDI, Apathy Scale, KFSS, PDQ-39, CGI-C, FOGQ, Falls Questionnaire, MOCA | |
| Control | 64.3 ± 8.1 M: 7, F: 8 |
1.7 ± 0.6 | |||||||
| Shanahan et al., 2017 [26] | RCT | 41 | Set dancing | 69 ± 10 M: 13, F: 7 |
1.25 ± 1 | In-person: 1 hr, 1/week | Not reported | UPDRS-III, 6MWT, MiniBEST, PDQ-39 | |
| Control, usual care and ADL | 69 ± 8 M: 13, F: 8 |
2 ± 1 | Home: 20 mins, 3/week, 10 weeks | ||||||
| Solla et al., 2019 [56] | RCT | 20 | Sardinian folk dance | 67.8 ± 5.9 M: 6, F: 4 |
2.1 ± 0.6 | 90 mins, 2/week, 12 weeks | PD medications | UPDRS-III, 6MWT, BBS, TUG, Parkinson's Disease Fatigue Scale, BDI, Starkstein Apathy Scale, MOCA | |
| Control, usual care | 67.1 ± 6.3 M: 7, F: 3 |
2.3 ± 0.4 | |||||||
| Volpe et al., 2013 [65] | RCT: single blind, parallel group | 24 | Intervention: Irish set dancing | 61.6 ± 4.5 M: 7, F: 5 |
2.2 ± 0.4 | 90 min classes, 1/week, 6 months | Levodopa (n=24) I: 725.0 mg ± 234 C: 645.0 ± 216 Also, pramipexole,ropinirole, rotigotine,rasagiline, entacapone |
UPDRS-III, BBS, FOG, PDQ-39 | |
| Control: physiotherapy (balance, cueing, gait training, strength) | 65.0 ± 5.3 M: 6, F: 6 |
2.2 ± 0.4 | 90 mins, 1/week, 6 months, 1 hr weekly home video | ||||||
| Nonrandomised studies | |||||||||
| Albani et al., 2019 [68] | Single group, pre-post design, feasibility | 10 | Tango-based home exercises and group sessions | 63.1 ± 9.25 M: 6, F: 4 |
2-3 | Home: 1 hr, 4/week, 5 weeks Group session: 2 hr 1/ week, 5 weeks |
Not reported | Gait measures (fully cued visual four-choice reaction-time tasks, simple reaction-time task, an uncued task, two partially cued tasks), UPDRS | |
| Batson, 2010 [77] | Single group, pre-post design | 11 | Modern dance | 72.7 + 8.7 M: 5, F: 6 |
1-2.5 | 85 min class 3/week, 3 weeks | Sinemet n=7, Azilect n=1, Requip n=1, No med n=2 |
TUG, FAB | |
| Blandy et al., 2015 [70] | Single group, pre-post design | 6 | Argentine Tango | 64 ± 6.28 M: 3, F: 3 |
2 (2-2) | 1 hr, 2/week, 4 weeks | “ON” phase of medication | EQ-5D, Visual Analogue Scale, BDI | |
| Dahmen-Zimmer and Jansen, 2017 [69] | Pre-post design, pilot trial | 37 | Karate (Shotokan) | 68.87 ± 7.24 M: 13, F: 3 |
1–3 | 1 hr, 1/week, 30 weeks | Not reported | Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, CEDS Depression Scale, SFHS-12, Short Scale Of General Self-Efficacy | |
| Dance (mixed genre) | 72.33 ± 6.69 M: 6, F: 3 |
||||||||
| Control (waitlist) | 70.42 ± 10.07 M: 8, F: 4 |
||||||||
| Delextrat et al., 2016 [71] | Single group, pre-post design, feasibility | 11 | Zumba | 64.0 ± 8.1 M: 5, F: 6 |
<3 | 45 mins–1 hr, 1/week, 6 weeks | Not reported | Enjoyment, change in physical activity, exercise intensity (accelerometry), heart rate, rated perceived exertion | |
| Hackney and Earhart, 2009 [72] | Single group, pre-post design | 14 | Argentine Tango | 67.2 ± 9.6 M: 9, F: 5 |
2.4 (25%:2.0; 75%:2.5) | 1.5 hrs, 5/week, 2 weeks | Not reported | UPDRS-III, BBS, TUG, 6MWT, gait measures | |
| Hackney and McKee, 2014 [28] | Single group, pre-post, pilot trial | 88 | Argentine Tango (PD) | 68.4 ± 7.5 M: 13, F: 12 |
1–3 | 1.5 hrs, 2/week for 12 weeks | PD medication | UPDRS-III, BBS, TUG, gait speed assessment, 30 second chair stand, tandem stance | |
| Older adults (non-PD) | 82.3 ± 8.8 M: 49, F: 14 |
||||||||
| Heiberger et al., 2011 [78] | Single group, pre-post design | 11 | Mixed genre dance | 71.3 ± 8.4 M: 5, F: 6 |
Moderate to severe 2.5–4 | 1/week class, 8 months | L-Dopa or dopamine agonists | UPDRS-III, TUG, QOLS, Westheimer Questionnaire | |
| Kalyani et al., 2019 [81] | Quasiexperimental design | 33 | Dance (mixed genre) | 65.24 ± 11.88 M: 3, F: 14 |
1.65 ± 0.79 | 1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks | Not reported | UPDRS-I, UPDRS-II, PDQ39 | |
| Control | 66.50 ± 7.70 M: 10, F: 6 |
1.56 ± 0.81 | |||||||
| Listewnik and Ossowski, 2018 [75] | Single group, pre-post design | 10 | Dance | 69.9 ± 6.47 M: 5, F: 5 |
— | 70 mins, 2/week for 12 weeks | Not reported | Tinetti POMA Test, TUG, 6MWT | |
| McGill et al., 2018 [85] | Non-RCT | 32 | Ballet | 69.83 ± 4.55 M: 9, F: 10 |
2.32 ± 0.48 | 1.25-1.5 hrs, 1/week for 1 year | Not reported | Step and stride variability, ABC | |
| Control | 73.25 ± 8.09 M: 6, F: 7 |
2.15 ± 0.55 | |||||||
| McKay et al., 2016 [80] | Single group study | 22 | Adapted Tango | 65.4 ± 12.8 M: 7, F: 15 |
1–4 | 90 mins, 15 lessons over 3 weeks | Not reported | UPDRS, dyskinesia, BBS, Dynamic Gait Index, FAB, musculoskeletal health, 6MWT, single and dual-task TUG, fast and preferred cadence, ABC, FOGQ | |
| McNeely et al., 2015 [74] | Pre-post design | 16 | Dancing for PD (mixed genre) Tango |
68.25 ± 10.90 M: 4, F: 4 |
2.25 ± 0.27 | 1 hr group class, 2/week, 12 weeks | Levodopa | UPDRS-III, MiniBEST, TUG, dual-task TUG, 6MWT, gait velocity | |
| 67.66 ± 8.62 M: 4, F: 4 |
2.13 ± 0.58 | ||||||||
| McRae et al., 2018 [87] | Exploratory study, surveys | 61 | Dancing for Parkinson's Disease (mixed genre) | 67 ± 13 M: 21, F: 40 |
1–4 | 1-2/week, 12 months (6months–2 years), session length unknown | Not reported | 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Self-Efficacy Scale, functional mobility | |
| Marchant et al., 2010 [79] | Single group, pre-post design | 11 | Improvisation dance | 71.2 ± 6.1 M: 4, F: 7 |
2.4 ± 0.4 | 10 1.5-hour classes, 2 weeks | PD medication | UPDRS-III, BBS, TUG, gait measures, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test, 6MWT, FOGQ, ABC, PDQ-39 | |
| Rawson et al., 2019 [86] | Nonrandomised controlled | 96 | Tango vs treadmill vs control (stretching) | 67.2 ± 8.9 M: 56, F: 40 |
1–4 | 1 hr class, 2/week, 12 weeks | Levodopa | UPDRS-III, PDQ-39, 6MWT, MiniBEST, gait measures | |
| Seidler et al., 2017 [84] | Non-RCT | 26 | Telerehab dance | 68.1 ± 7.9 M: 4, F: 6 |
1–3 | 1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks | Not reported | MiniBEST, UPDRS-III, gait velocity | |
| In-person dance | 68.9 ± 9.4 M: 5, F: 5 |
||||||||
| Shanahan et al., 2015 [76] | Single group, pre-post pilot trial | 10 | In-person and home-based dance programs | 66.66 ± 5.87 M: 7, F: 3 |
1.5 ± 0.5 | In-person: 1.5 hrs. 1/week Home: 20 mins, 2/week, 8 weeks |
Not reported | UPDRS, 6MWT, BBS | |
| Tillmann et al., 2020 [83] | Non-RCT | 47 | Brazilian samba | 67 ± 9.2 n=23 |
1.8 ± 0.7 | 1 hr, 2/week, 12 weeks | 4 months stable medication | PDQ-39, PDSS, BDI, FSS, UPDRS-I | |
| Control | 69.6 ± 9.5 n=24 |
||||||||
| Tunur et al., 2020 [73] | Pre-post -mixed methods | 7 | Google glass dance modules | 69 ± 5.5 M: 3, F: 4 |
2–3 | 3+ modules/day, 3 weeks. Session length not reported | Not reported | MiniBEST, one leg stance, TUG, dual-task TUG, ABC, BDI, PDQL | |
| Zafar et al., 2017 [82] | Pre-post design | 88 | Adapted Tango (PD) | 68.4 ± 8 M: 13, F: 12 |
1–3 | 90 min, 2/week, 12 weeks | PD medication | Fear of falling, quality of life, composite physical function, MOCA, BDI, UPDRS-III, gait velocity, Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire | |
| Adapted Tango (non-PD) | 82.3 ± 9 M: 14, F: 49 |
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Note: 6MWT, Six-Minute Walk Test; ABC, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; FAB, Fullerton Advance Balance Scale; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; KFSS, Krupp Fatigue Severity Scale; MiniBEST, Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PDQ-39, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39; PDSS, Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale; RCT, Randomised Controlled Trial; SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; SFHS-12, Short Form Health Survey-12; SS180, Standing-Start 180° Turn Test; Tinetti POMA Test, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment Test; TUG, Timed Up and Go; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.