Table 3.
Method quality appraisal of included studies.
| Randomised controlled trials (PEDro Scale) | |||||||||||
| First author, year | Random allocation | Concealed allocation | Baseline-similar | Blinded participant | Blinded therapist | Blinded assessor | Measures for >85% sample | ITT | Between group analysis | Outcome measure data | Score/10 |
| Duncan and Earhart, 2012 [62] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| Duncan and Earhart, 2014 [54] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 5 |
| Hackney and Earhart, 2010 [88] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 |
| Hackney and Earhart, 2009 [61] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 5 |
| Hackney et al., 2007 [59] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 5 |
| Hashimoto et al., 2015 [67] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 6 |
| Kunkel et al., 2017 [55] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 6 |
| Lee et al., 2015 [57] | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | 4 |
| Lee et al., 2018 [63] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| McKee and Hackney, 2013 [66] | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 4 |
| Michels et al., 2018 [30] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 6 |
| Poier et al., 2019 [64] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| Rocha et al., 2018 [27] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10 |
| Rios Romenets et al., 2015 [58] | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 |
| Shanahan et al., 2017 [26] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 6 |
| Solla et al., 2019 [56] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 6 |
| Volpe et al., 2013 [65] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 6 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Nonrandomised studies (JBI Appraisal Tool) | |||||||||||
| First author, year | Cause effect | Participants similar | Comparisons similar | Control group | Multiple measures | Follow-up | Consistent measurement | Reliable measurement | Statistical analysis | Score/9 | |
| Albani et al., 2019 [68] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | |
| Batson, 2010 [77] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | 6 | |
| Blandy et al., 2015 [70] | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 5 | |
| Dahmen-Zimmer and Jansen, 2017 [69] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Delextrat et al., 2016 [71] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Hackney and Earhart, 2009 [72] | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 4 | |
| Hackney and McKee, 2014 [28] | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 5 | |
| Heiberger et al., 2011 [78] | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 6 | |
| Kalyani et al., 2019 [81] | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | |
| Listewnik and Ossowski, 2018 [75] | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | 3 | |
| McGill et al., 2018 [85] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 8 | |
| McKay et al., 2016 [80] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | |
| McNeely et al., 2015 [74] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| McRae et al., 2018 [87] | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 5 | |
| Marchant et al., 2010 [79] | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Rawson et al., 2019 [86] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | |
| Seidler et al., 2017 [84] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Shanahan et al., 2015 [76] | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Tillmann et al., 2020 [83] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | 7 | |
| Tunur et al., 2020 [73] | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 | |
| Zafar et al., 2017 [82] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | |
Note: Y=yes; N=no.