Table 13.

All-grade adverse events of cardiovascular origin in cancer patients treated with ICI [71,74, 75, 77–80]

System	Organ	Symptoms	Abnormalities in diagnostic test results	Suspected pathology
Cardiovascular system	Heart	Palpitations Dyspnea Chest pain Arrhythmias Pericardial/pleural effusion Acute circulatory collapse	Blood test (elevated troponin, BNP) ECG Echocardiography MRI Cardiac biopsy (features of inflammation)	Myocarditis
		Fever Chest pain on inhalation Shortness of breath Pericardial friction	Elevated biomarkers (BNP, NT-pro BNT, CK-MG, troponin) ECG (diffuse ST elevation) Echocardiography MRI	Pericarditis
		Fatigue Weakness Chest pain Palpitations Pulmonary /peripheral edema progressive/ acute dyspnea Pleural effusion Shortness of breath Irregular heartbeat Dyspnea, lack of breath	Coronarography ECG (rapid onset of heart failure, new heart block) Echocardiography CT/MRI/angiography Fasting lipid profile Elevated biomarkers (BNP, NT-pro BNT, CK-MG, troponin) Holter ECG (can show arrhythmias)	Arrhythmias Impaired ventricular function with heart failure
	Blood vessels	Symptoms of pulmonary embolism Dyspnea Pleuritic pain Cough Wheezing Hemoptysis Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis Pain Swelling Increased skin vein visibility Erythema Cyanosis accompanied by unexplained fever	Blood test (raised level of d-dimers, assessment of the coagulation system Doppler USG (positive pressure test, blood clots present in vessels) Angio-CT (visible blood clots in the lumen of the vessels)	Venous thromboembolism