Table 15.

All-grade adverse events from hematological origin in cancer patients treated with ICI [71, 74–80]

System	Symptoms	Abnormalities in diagnostic test results	Suspected pathology
Hematological	Weakness Paleness Jaundice Dark-colored urine Fever Inability to do physical activities Heart murmur	Blood test (macrocytosis, elevated unconjugated bilirubin, LDH,reticulocyte count, reduced haptoglobin in serum) Peripheral blood smear (spherocytosis) Direct Coombs test positive for IgG/C3 Bone marrow biopsy	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
	Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenic purpura Fever Renal function abnormalities Neurologic abnormalities (seizures, hemiplegia,visual disturbances)	Blood test (low hemoglobin, low platelets) Renal function abnormalities	Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenicpurpura (acquired TTP)
	Thrombotic microangiopathy Renal failure Hemolytic anemia Bloody diarrhea Decreased urination Blood in urine Pallor Small, unexplained bruises Bleeding from nose/mouth Fatigue, irritability Confusion/seizures High blood pressure Swelling of the face, hands, feet or entire body Abdominal pain Vomiting	Blood test (low level of RBC/hemoglobin, erythroblast/schistocytespresent, increased level of reticulocytes, elevated free bilirubin,increased level of LDH, severe thrombocytopenia) Urinalysis (proteinuria, hematuria)	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
	Symptoms of anemia	Peripheral blood smear (pancytopenia with scattered lymphocytes) Coombs test Reticulocyte count Hemolysis assays (LDH, haptoglobin, bilirubin) Bone marrow aspiration/biopsy (hypocellularity with stroll edema,no signs of fibrosis, virtual absence of hematopoietic elements,hypo-/aplasia) Flow cytometry (lymphocytes usually represent 50% of the sample,mostly CD-positive T cells)	Aplastic anemia
	Bruising easily Pinpoint-sized petechiae, often on the lower legs Spontaneous nosebleeds Bleeding from the gums (e.g., during dental work) Blood in the urine Blood in the stools Abnormally heavy menstruation Prolonged bleeding from cuts	Decreased platelet count Increased levels of platelet-associated IgG Normal white blood cell count and hemoglobin level Bone marrow biopsy (increased number of megakaryocytes with ahigh percentage of immature platelets and with abnormal cells) Antiplatelet antibodies	Immune thrombocytes purpura (ITP)
	Subcutaneous hemorrhages Mucosal bleeding (into gastrointestinal,urinary and genital tract) Bleeding into the muscles Intracranial bleeding	Elongation of APTT with normal PT, TT, platelet count, and fibrinogen Lowered factor VIII activity	Acquired hemophilia