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. 2021 Oct 29;11:21308. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00830-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The schematic diagram of saRNA construct (a) which has different parts, including (1) 5′ UTR (GenBank accession number: NC_001959.2), (2) Norovirus GI (GenBank accession number: NC_001959.2), (3) noncoding segment (GenBank accession number: NC_001959.2), (4) S-protein (GenBank accession number: MZ571142.1), (5) 3′ UTR (GenBank accession number: NC_001959.2), and (6) polyA tail. The pHT01 plasmid map (https://www.addgene.org/vector-database/5885/) (b). HEK293T/17 cells were treated with saRNA LNPs, transfected Lactobacillus plantarum LNPs, and transfected Lactobacillus plantarum alone and the expression of S-protein was evaluated by real-time PCR (c) and ELISA (d). All of them could express S-protein at both mRNA and protein level. All data were shown as mean±SD, n = 3. * indicates significance difference with P<0.05 when compared with other formulations using one-way ANOVA. The limit of detection for ELISA was 0.1 µg/mL.