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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Sep 13;178:113971. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113971

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8.

Strategies used to restore immune homeostasis through local delivery of antigen alone. A) Local delivery of bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI) engineered to limit signal 2 of T cell activation which occurs between APCs (green) and T cells (blue). Improper activation can then lead to an anergic state characterized by reduced naïve T cell proliferation and decreased cytokine expression. B) Local delivery of high concentrations of antigen in a restricted area can induce T cell exhaustion due to chronic antigen stimulation. T cell exhaustion is characterized by increased expression of inhibitory receptors, decreased proliferation, and cytokine expression. C) Negative selection, which results in the deletion of autoreactive cells, can be induced through delivery of antigen in an anti-inflammatory context provided by the delivery system itself.