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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Sep 13;178:113971. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113971

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9.

Local delivery of immunomodulatory factors to induce antigen-specific tolerogenic dendritic cells. (A) GM-CSF can drive dendritic cell maturation from progenitors, while Vitamin D3 and TGFβ1 provide immunosuppressive signals that skew dendritic cell maturation away from an inflammatory phenotype and towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype (tolerogenic/immature DCs). The resulting DCs exhibit low expression of MHC II and CD80/86, but high expression of ILT-3. (B) Combination microparticle treatment of bone-marrow derived macrophages reduced the composite maturation index of the cells. (C) Microparticle injection (REGvac, indicated by solid black arrows) reversed the progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice with moderately established disease (clinical score = 5). Data from Figures 6B and 6C reprinted with permission from: R. Allen, S. Chizari, J.A. Ma, S. Raychaudhuri, J.S. Lewis, Combinatorial, Microparticle-Based Delivery of Immune Modulators Reprograms the Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Promotes Remission of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice, Acs Appl Bio Mater. 2 (2019) 2388–2404. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b00092. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.