Table 3.
Local delivery strategies used for small molecule delivery to restore immune homeostasis from inflammation.
| Small Molecules | Local Delivery Strategy | Disease Model | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents | |||
| Diclofenac sodium | Alginate MPs/chitosan hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [32] |
| Indomethacin | PEI NPs/pluronic hydrogel | - | [33] |
| Celecoxib | PLGA/cyclodextrin MPs | - | [127] |
| PLGA-silica MPs/PLLA scaffold | Periodontal disease | [128] | |
| Corticosteroids | |||
| Dexamethasone | PDMS scaffold | Islet transplantation | [132] |
| Ascorbyl palmitate hydrogel | Inflammatory bowel disease | [134] | |
| PLGA micelles | Islet transplantation | [38] | |
| Triamcinolone acetonide | TGMS hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [133] |
| PLA/mPEG-PDL MPs | Inflammatory arthritis | [138] | |
| PLA/mPEG-PDL MPs/ PEGMA hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [70] | |
| Betamethasone | Gellan gum hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [136] |
| Prednisolone | PLGA MPs | Inflammatory arthritis | [135] |
| Mometasone furoate | PLGA MPS/PNIPPAm hydrogel | Chronic rhinosinusitis | [79] |
| Anti-Metabolites | |||
| Methotrexate | Alginate MPs/methylcellulose hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [149] |
| PEI-NPs/pluronic hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [33] | |
| PFK15 inhibitor | paKG MPs | Inflammatory arthritis | [152] |
| mTOR inhibitors | |||
| Rapamycin | PLGA/PCL MPs | Islet transplantation | [157] |
| Elastin-like polypeptide depots | Sjögren’s Syndrome | [158] | |
| PLGA MPs | Ex vivo autoimmunity | [156] | |
| Everolimus/Temsirolimus | PLGA MPs | Ex vivo autoimmunity | [156] |
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | |||
| Cyclosporin A | PLGA MPs/alginate hydrogel | Cell transplantation | [162] |
| Tacrolimus | TGMS hydrogel | Vascularized composite allotransplantation | [144] |
| TGMS hydrogel | Vascularized composite allotransplantation | [31] | |
| TGMS hydrogel | Vascularized composite allotransplantation | [142] | |
| Poly(amino acid)/pluronic hydrogel | Skin allotransplantation | [75] | |
| Supramolecular hydrogel | Liver transplantation | [164] | |
| PLGA MPs | Islet transplantation | ||
| PLGA NPs/RADA16 hydrogel | Stem cell transplantation | [165] | |
| TGMS hydrogel | Vascularized composite allotransplantation | [143] | |
| Soluplus/pluronic hydrogel | Inflammatory arthritis | [37] | |
| PLGA MPs/fibrin gel | - | [170], [169] | |