Table 9.

Examples of DDS based on encapsulation of cargoes into RBC.

Cargo	Disease	Principle	Testing Phase
L-Asparaginase	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Pancreatic cancer Ulcerative Colitis	RBC are loaded with asparaginase to act as drug depot that increases enzyme half-life and reduces toxicity to host	Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 2
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)	Phenylketonuria	RBC are modified to produce PAL, an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine, with increased half life and reduced immune-mediated side effects	Phase 1 (active, not recruiting)
Thymidine phosphorylase	Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy	RBC are loaded with thymidine phosphorylase, replacing the enzyme missing in this autosomal recessive condition	Phase 2
Adenosine deaminase	ADA	Progenitor cells are transduced with lentiviral vector- cDNA for human ADA	Phase 2
Dexamethasone	Ataxia telangectasia Breast cancer	Delivery to host defense cells *only non-enzyme drug*	Phase 3 Phase 3