Table 2:

Association between EEG coherence during NREM^a sleep and 18-month language outcomes

Association between LEFT hemisphere ICOHb (C3-Cz and T3-Cz EEG electrodes) during neonatal NREM sleep and 18-month language outcomes
EEG Frequency	Maternal Voice Playback	C3-Cz ICOH all subjects		C3-Cz ICOH GAc 33 to <35 weeks		C3-Cz ICOH GA ≥35 weeks
		rho	p-value	rho	p-value	rho	p-value
.33-2 Hz	off	−0.167	0.337	−0.245	0.327	−0.057	0.829
2-4 Hz	off	−0.379	0.025 *	−0.287	0.249	−0.464	0.061
4-8 Hz	off	−0.194	0.265	−0.22	0.380	−0.209	0.421
8-12 Hz	off	−0.343	0.044 *	−0.529	0.024 *	−0.073	0.782
12-16 Hz	off	−0.263	0.126	−0.485	0.041 *	0.060	0.818
16-30 Hz	off	−0.199	0.252	−0.234	0.350	−0.132	0.615
0.33-2 Hz	on	−0.287	0.111	−0.232	0.307	−0.350	0.201
2-4 Hz	on	−0.441	0.012 *	−0.415	0.097	−0.474	0.075
4-8 Hz	on	−0.259	0.152	−0.434	0.082	−0.036	0.899
8-12 Hz	on	−0.371	0.037 *	−0.637	0.006 *	0.066	0.814
12-16 Hz	on	−0.419	0.017 *	−0.660	0.004 *	−0.165	0.557
16-30 Hz	on	−0.434	0.013 *	−0.600	0.011 *	−0.273	0.326
EEG Frequency	Maternal Voice Playback	T3-Cz ICOH all subjects		T3-Cz ICOH GAc 33 to <35 weeks		T3-Cz ICOH GA ≥35 weeks
		rho	p-value	rho	p-value	rho	p-value
0.33-2 Hz	off	0.118	0.501	0.059	0.816	0.119	0.648
2-4 Hz	off	−0.318	0.063	−0.302	0.223	−0.232	0.369
4-8 Hz	off	−0.359	0.034 *	−0.326	0.187	−0.427	0.088
8-12 Hz	off	−0.498	0.002 *	−0.532	0.023 *	−0.403	0.108
12-16 Hz	off	−0.321	0.060	−0.417	0.085	−0.207	0.426
16-30 Hz	off	−0.361	0.033 *	−0.243	0.331	−0.421	0.093
0.33-2 Hz	on	0.038	0.838	0.011	0.966	−0.002	0.995
2-4 Hz	on	−0.284	0.115	−0.364	0.151	−0.219	0.433
4-8 Hz	on	−0.383	0.031 *	−0.414	0.098	−0.364	0.182
8-12 Hz	on	−0.507	0.003 *	−0.656	0.004 *	−0.283	0.306
12-16 Hz	on	−0.480	0.005 *	−0.536	0.027 *	−0.418	0.121
16-30 Hz	on	−0.534	0.002 *	−0.570	0.017 *	−0.474	0.075
Association between RIGHT hemisphere ICOH (C4-Cz and T4-Cz EEG electrodes) during neonatal NREM sleep and 18-month language outcomes
EEG Frequency	Maternal Voice Playback	C4-Cz ICOH all subjects		C4-Cz ICOH GA 33 to <35 weeks		C4-Cz ICOH GA ≥35 weeks
		rho	p-value	rho	p-value	rho	p-value
0.33-2 Hz	off	0.065	0.709	0.206	0.412	−0.161	0.537
2-4 Hz	off	−0.085	0.625	−0.033	0.896	−0.196	0.452
4-8 Hz	off	−0.256	0.138	−0.092	0.716	−0.332	0.193
8-12 Hz	off	−0.253	0.142	−0.248	0.320	−0.164	0.530
12-16 Hz	off	−0.327	0.055	−0.456	0.057	−0.124	0.635
16-30 Hz	off	−0.279	0.105	−0.394	0.106	−0.037	0.888
0.33-2 Hz	on	−0.143	0.435	−0.089	0.736	−0.285	0.303
2-4 Hz	on	−0.148	0.418	−0.246	0.342	−0.03	0.914
4-8 Hz	on	−0.270	0.135	−0.218	0.402	−0.291	0.293
8-12 Hz	on	−0.154	0.400	−0.277	0.283	0.066	0.814
12-16 Hz	on	−0.182	0.319	−0.345	0.174	0.115	0.684
16-30 Hz	on	−0.322	0.073	−0.465	0.060	−0.147	0.601
EEG Frequency	Maternal Voice Playback	T4-Cz ICOH all subjects		T4-Cz ICOH GA 33 to <35 weeks		T4-Cz ICOH GA ≥35 weeks
		rho	p-value	rho	p-value	rho	p-value
0.33-2 Hz	off	0.033	0.850	0.004	0.987	−0.015	0.955
2-4 Hz	off	−0.183	0.293	−0.142	0.575	−0.202	0.438
4-8 Hz	off	−0.145	0.405	−0.027	0.916	−0.219	0.399
8-12 Hz	off	−0.173	0.320	−0.299	0.228	0.034	0.896
12-16 Hz	off	−0.247	0.152	−0.387	0.113	−0.034	0.896
16-30 Hz	off	−0.166	0.340	−0.419	0.083	0.150	0.565
0.33-2 Hz	on	−0.139	0.447	−0.166	0.524	−0.203	0.469
2-4 Hz	on	−0.333	0.063	−0.515	0.034 *	−0.104	0.712
4-8 Hz	on	−0.108	0.558	−0.194	0.455	−0.036	0.899
8-12 Hz	on	−0.046	0.801	−0.283	0.272	0.341	0.214
12-16 Hz	on	−0.067	0.715	−0.312	0.222	0.228	0.414
16-30 Hz	on	−0.033	0.859	−0.434	0.082	0.456	0.088

^aNREM = non-rapid eye movement

^bICOH = imaginary part of the coherence (presented as average ICOH across each frequency range)

^cGA = gestational age

^*denotes p<0.05