Table 1.
Baseline and CMR characteristics of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 without and with prior inducible myocardial ischaemia.
| All hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 481) |
No prior inducible ischaemia (n = 407) |
Prior inducible ischaemia (n = 74) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.4 ± 9.6 | 67.7 ± 9.8 | 72.6 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
| Males | 295 (61.3) | 247 (60.7) | 48 (64.9) | 0.58 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 ± 5.3 | 27.8 ± 5.5 | 27.2 ± 4.0 | 0.24 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes | 112 (23.3) | 90 (22.1) | 22 (29.7) | 0.20 |
| Hypertension | 190 (39.5) | 136 (33.4) | 54 (73.0) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 66 (13.7) | 39 (9.6) | 27 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
| Current or previous smoking | 101 (21.0) | 88 (21.6) | 13 (17.6) | 0.53 |
| Family history of CAD | 147 (30.6) | 132 (32.4) | 15 (20.3) | 0.051 |
| Obesitya | 49 (10.2) | 40 (9.8) | 9 (12.2) | 0.69 |
| Medical history of CVD | ||||
| Known CAD | 214 (44.5) | 166 (40.8) | 48 (64.9) | < 0.001 |
| Previous PCI | 199 (41.4) | 160 (39.3) | 39 (52.7) | 0.043 |
| Previous CABG | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (4.1) | 0.013 |
| Known myocardial infarction | 89 (18.5) | 75 (18.4) | 14 (18.9) | 1.00 |
| Peripheral atheroma | 43 (8.9) | 33 (8.1) | 10 (13.5) | 0.20 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 26 (5.4) | 20 (4.9) | 6 (8.1) | 0.27 |
| Pacemaker | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.7) | 0.023 |
| Renal failureb | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| History of HF hospitalization | 13 (2.7) | 11 (2.7) | 2 (2.7) | 1.00 |
| History of AF | 48 (10.0) | 32 (7.9) | 16 (21.6) | < 0.001 |
| Indications for stress CMR (multiple possible) | ||||
| High cardiovascular riskc | 273 (56.8) | 215 (52.8) | 58 (78.4) | < 0.001 |
| Symptomatic angina | 87 (18.1) | 71 (17.4) | 16 (21.6) | 0.49 |
| Dyspnoea | 111 (23.1) | 99 (24.3) | 12 (16.2) | 0.17 |
| Inconclusive stress test | 108 (22.5) | 99 (24.3) | 9 (12.2) | 0.031 |
| Inconclusive CCTAd | 34 (7.1) | 34 (8.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.020 |
| PCI or CABG control | 203 (42.2) | 161 (39.6) | 42 (56.8) | 0.009 |
| Cardiac rhythm | < 0.001 | |||
| Sinus rhythm | 431 (89.6) | 374 (91.9) | 57 (77.0) | |
| AF/supraventricular arrhythmias | 50 (10.4) | 33 (8.1) | 17 (23.0) | |
| LVEF (%) | 50.7 ± 11.3 | 50.3 ± 11.5 | 52.7 ± 10.1 | 0.069 |
| LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 79.7 ± 21.8 | 80.3 ± 22.0 | 76.8 ± 20.8 | 0.19 |
| LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 39.2 ± 17.0 | 39.9 ± 16.9 | 35.3 ± 17.4 | 0.038 |
| LV mass (g/m2) | 74.6 ± 7.1 | 74.7 ± 7.1 | 74.5 ± 7.2 | 0.62 |
| RVEF (%) | 56.6 ± 11.4 | 56.3 ± 11.3 | 58.2 ± 12.9 | 0.33 |
| LGE | 178 (37.0) | 133 (32.7) | 45 (60.8) | < 0.001 |
| LGE with viabilitye | 58 (12.1) | 34 (8.4) | 24 (32.4) | < 0.001 |
| Number of LGE segments | 0.9 ± 1.5 | 0.8 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| LGE mass (% of LV mass) | 5.8 ± 8.9 | 5.1 ± 8.6 | 9.8 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| Number of ischaemic segments | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate at baseline (bpm) | 68 ± 12 | 68 ± 12 | 70 ± 13 | 0.71 |
| Heart rate at stress (bpm) | 80 ± 9 | 80 ± 9 | 83 ± 11 | 0.57 |
| RPP at baseline (mmHg × bpm) | 8.9 (7.3–10.4) | 8.9 (7.3–10.4) | 9.1 (7.5–11.0) | 0.62 |
| RPP at stress (mmHg × bpm) | 10.5 (9.1–12.5) | 10.4 (9.0–12.4) | 10.9 (9.5–12.8) | 0.39 |
| Early revascularization < 3 months after CMR | 58 (12.1) | 0 (0.0) | 58 (78.4) | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR).
AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HF: heart failure; IQR: interquartile range; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RPP: rate-pressure product (systolic blood pressure [mmHg] × heart rate [bpm])/1000; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction; SD: standard deviation.
Defined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Defined by glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Defined by Framingham Risk Score > 20% risk of CAD at 10 years.
Defined by coronary stenosis of unknown significance on CCTA.
Defined by LGE with < 50% transmurality.