Table 1. Selected Demographic Characteristics of the Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk Cohort.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All community types (N = 4 100 650) | High-density urban (n = 478 668) | Low-density urban (n = 1 509 042) | Suburban or small town (n = 919 281) | Rural (n = 1 193 659) | |
| Individual-level variables | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.4 (17.2) | 58.0 (17.4) | 59.3 (17.6) | 59.2 (17.4) | 60.2 (16.6) |
| Age categories, y | |||||
| 19-39 | 648 259 (15.8) | 83 954 (17.5) | 246 778 (16.4) | 149 709 (16.3) | 167 818 (14.1) |
| 40-59 | 1 193 915 (29.1) | 157 622 (32.9) | 448 217 (29.7) | 262 972 (28.6) | 325 104 (27.2) |
| 60-79 | 1 702 191 (41.5) | 174 916 (36.5) | 592 489 (39.3) | 383 002 (41.7) | 551 784 (46.2) |
| ≥80 | 556 227 (13.6) | 62 167 (13.0) | 221 531 (14.7) | 123 585 (13.4) | 148 944 (12.5) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 3 779 555 (92.2) | 437 088 (91.3) | 1 379 862 (91.4) | 846 901 (92.1) | 1 115 704 (93.5) |
| Female | 321 013 (7.8) | 41 564 (8.7) | 129 145 (8.6) | 72 363 (7.9) | 77 941 (6.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic | 189 177 (5.2) | 44 340 (10.4) | 86 580 (6.5) | 35 380 (4.3) | 22 877 (2.2) |
| Non-Hispanic | |||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 28 327 (0.8) | 2822 (0.7) | 9188 (0.7) | 6141 (0.8) | 10 326 (1.0) |
| Asian | 34 838 (1.0) | 10 464 (2.5) | 15 751 (1.2) | 6141 (0.8) | 2482 (0.2) |
| Black | 584 655 (16.0) | 137 039 (32.1) | 261 417 (19.5) | 104 592 (12.8) | 81 607 (7.7) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 28 477 (0.8) | 4465 (1.1) | 11 748 (0.9) | 6153 (0.8) | 5961 (0.6) |
| White | 2 783 756 (76.3) | 227 518 (53.3) | 954 118 (71.3) | 660 917 (80.7) | 941 203 (88.4) |
| Income or disability | |||||
| Disability | 1 403 858 (34.8) | 143 787 (30.7) | 529 283 (35.7) | 335 036 (37.0) | 395 752 (33.7) |
| Low income | 1 527 258 (37.9) | 225 099 (48.0) | 560 775 (37.8) | 308 897 (34.1) | 432 487 (36.8) |
| None of the above | 1 100 899 (27.3) | 99 760 (21.3) | 391 821 (26.4) | 261 325 (28.9) | 347 993 (29.6) |
| Neighborhood-level variables | |||||
| Relative fast-food restaurants, mean (SD), % | 0.30 (0.13) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.31 (0.13) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| Relative supermarkets, mean (SD), % | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.08) |
| NSEE continuous, mean (SD) | 16.1 (9.6) | 23.6 (13.1) | 13.2 (8.6) | 13.3 (8.1) | 18.9 (7.5) |
| NSEE quartiles | |||||
| First (most advantaged) | 947 002 (23.1) | 126 567 (26.5) | 320 370 (21.2) | 209 164 (22.8) | 290 901 (24.4) |
| Second | 1 130 576 (27.6) | 135 038 (28.2) | 411 960 (27.3) | 262 205 (28.5) | 321 373 (26.9) |
| Third | 1 132 148 (27.6) | 115 778 (24.2) | 430 590 (28.6) | 263 587 (28.7) | 322 193 (27.0) |
| Fourth (least advantaged) | 889 432 (21.7) | 100 868 (21.1) | 345 444 (22.9) | 184 071 (20.0) | 259 049 (21.7) |
| Land use environment, mean (SD) | 0.01 (0.91) | −0.06 (0.83) | 0.01 (0.92) | −0.05 (0.93) | 0.09 (0.92) |
| Hispanic residents, mean (SD), % | 10.2 (16.0) | 20.2 (23.1) | 12.3 (16.7) | 8.2 (13.4) | 4.9 (9.7) |
| Non-Hispanic Black residents, mean (SD), % | 12.7 (21.3) | 26.1 (32.5) | 15.1 (22.7) | 9.3 (15.3) | 6.9 (13.5) |
Abbreviation: NSEE, neighborhood social and economic environment.