Table 5.
Quality Assessment Results of the Selected Studies
| Quality Assessment of the Evidence by GRADE Guideline* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | a Risk of Bias (Limitation of Study Design, Confounding Factors, Missing Data, Adherence Measurement) | b Precision (Methodology, Statistical Certainty, Amount of Information on A Certain Factor How Precisely an Object of Study is Measured) | c Directness (Extent to Which the People, Interventions, and Outcome Measures are Similar to Those of Interest, Confident Results Come From the Direct Evidence) | d Consistency (Relevant Measurement Application Where Several Items that Propose to Measure the Same General Construct Produce Similar Scores, no Overlapping and Missing, Statistical Significance) | Certainty of Evidence | |||||
| Low | Unclear | High | Precise | Imprecise | Direct | Indirect | Consistent | Inconsistent | ||
| Beldon, P. (2012)1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | Low | |||||
| Sugama et al. (2012)24 | √ | √ | √ | √ | Moderate | |||||
| Kon et al. (2017)25 | √ | √ | √ | √ | Moderate | |||||
| Parnham, Copson, and Loban (2020)10 | √ | √ | √ | √ | Low | |||||
Notes: aRisk of bias; bPrecision; cDirectness; dConsistency. *GRADE guideline reproduced from: Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE Handbook. 2013. Available from: https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html?fbclid=IwAR04O97yy. Retrieved June 4, 2021.23 © 2013 - The GRADE Working Group.