Table 5.
Additives in semiconductor-based materials for application of 3-D printing
| Type of base material | Composite/mixture | Additive | Role of nanoparticle | Applications | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semiconductor-based | SmFeO3 | ZnO | Enhance gas-sensing propertiesSensitive against many oxidising or reducing gases | Gas sensor | [74] | |
| PVDF |
Improves dielectric permittivity Increases energy storage performance |
Energy storage | [75] | |||
| Semiconductor-based magnetic-based and metal-based | TiO2@ZnFe2O4 | Palladium (Pd) |
Improves degradation efficiency of diclofenac (DCF) pollutant Easy recovery of nanoparticles due to magnetic properties |
Water treatment | [79] | |
| Carbon-based | CNTs | Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | Enhances the polymer’s mechanical property and electrical conductivity | Electronics | [114] | |
| Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) |
Enhances electrical conductivity with higher mechanical stiffness Increases battery’s storage capacity |
Electronics | [115] | |||
| PEDOT and PVDF |
Forms lighter electrode Improves stability of the lithium battery |
Electronics | [116] | |||
| PLA |
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) promotes cellular elongation Increases the growth of osteoblast |
Tissue Engineering | [117] | |||
| Ceramic-based | Al2O3 | Cellulose acetate (CA) |
Improves thermal stability Enhances dielectric properties three times greater than CA film alone |
Electronics | [118] | |
| TiB2 and TiC | Al & Mg |
Produces lightweight parts Provides outstanding mechanical properties |
Automotive, aerospace, engineering | [119] | ||
| SiC | Hybrid aluminium matrix | Increase the elastic modulus of the matrix | Aerospace, automobile | [120] | ||
|
Vinylsilane Modified-Nanosilica |
Silicon rubber |
The vinylsilane treated nanosilica shows hydrophobic characteristic enabling easy mixing with the polymer Increased in mechanical strength ~ 27 times greater than bare polymer Increased in electrical breakdown strength ~ 14% higher than bare polymer |
Electrical | [121] | ||
| Nanosilica | Detrin-graft polymethyl |
Provide excellent cationic dye adsorption efficiency Excellent desorption close to 90% on methylene blue dye |
Water treatment | [122] | ||
| Metal-based | Silver | Hydrogel/sodium alginate/polystyrene |
Effective antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aereus Can be used in skin grafting, surgical instruments and wound dressing |
Biomedical | [123–126] | |
| Copper | Poly(vinylmethyl ketone)/poly-(vinyl chloride)/polyvinylidenefluoride | Antibacterial and antifungal properties | Biomedical | [127, 128] | ||
| Copper (I) oxide, silver, TiO2 | Epoxy | Reduce the flammability of epoxy | Aerospace, construction and automobile | [129] | ||