Table 1.

A Comparison of Features of Reality Shifting (RS) and Related Phenomena

Features		Compared Phenomena
		RS	Tulpa	Hypnosis	LD	DA	MD
Activation	Induction	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
	Suggestions	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
	Training	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Natural variation	Predisposition	Likely	Likely	Yes	Likely	Yes	Yes
	Individual differences	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mind-body aspects	Associated bodily phenomena/ sensations	Yes	Unknown	Yes	No	No	Yes
Valence/ implications	Positive	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Likely	Yes
	Negative	Unknown	Unknown	Uncommon	Uncommon	Yes	Yes

Note. RS = Reality Shifting; LD = Lucid Dreaming; DA = Dissociative Absorption; MD = Maladaptive Daydreaming