Table 1.
Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics of the study sample by age groups (N = 904)
| Total population (N = 904) | < 70 years (n = 475) | ≥ 80 years (n = 429) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables assessed at wave 6 (2016–2018) | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 587 (64.9) | 288 (60.6) | 299 (69.7) | 0.004 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Elementary/high school | 382 (42.3) | 152 (32.0) | 230 (53.6) | < 0.001 |
| University | 522 (57.7) | 323 (68.0) | 199 (46.4) | |
| ≥ 1 cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 244 (27.0) | 61 (12.8) | 183 (42.7) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 1 neuropsychiatric disease, n (%) | 229 (25.3) | 126 (26.5) | 103 (24.0) | 0.385 |
| ≥ 1 musculoskeletal disease, n (%) | 538 (59.5) | 218 (45.9) | 320 (74.6) | < 0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 50 (5.5) | 14 (3.0) | 36 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 85 (9.4) | 36 (7.6) | 49 (11.4) | 0.048 |
| Other respiratory diseases, n (%) | 11 (1.2) | 6 (1.3) | 5 (1.2) | 0.894 |
| Poor muscle strength, n (%) | 451 (49.9) | 137 (28.8) | 314 (73.2) | < 0.001 |
| Mobility limitation, n (%) | 146 (16.2) | 18 (3.8) | 128 (29.8) | < 0.001 |
| Variables assessed during the telephone interview (May–September 2020) | ||||
| Living alone, n (%) | 452 (50) | 174 (36.6) | 278 (64.8) | < 0.001 |
| Location where most time spent (since March), n (%) | ||||
| Home/with relatives | 858 (96.5) | 462 (99.4) | 396 (93.4) | < 0.001 |
| Senior, service, nursing housing/hospital/rehab | 31 (3.5) | 3 (0.7) | 28 (6.6) | |
| Frequency of going out (since March), n (%) | ||||
| Everyday | 683 (76.3) | 415 (87.9) | 268 (63.4) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 1 per week | 151 (16.9) | 49 (10.4) | 102 (24.1) | |
| < 1 per week/never | 61 (6.8) | 8 (1.7) | 53 (12.5) | |
| Use of public transport (since March), n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 1 per week | 122 (13.7) | 78 (16.5) | 44 (10.5) | 0.031 |
| 2–3 times per month | 88 (9.8) | 44 (9.3) | 44 (10.5) | |
| < 2 times per month/never | 684 (76.5) | 351 (74.2) | 333 (79.1) | |
| ≥ 1 COVID-19-like symptoms, n (%) | 325 (35.9) | 204 (43.0) | 121 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 2 COVID-19-like symptoms, n (%) | 188 (20.8) | 132 (27.8) | 56 (13.1) | < 0.001 |
Poor muscle strength defined as a chair stand test time below the median of the distribution (i.e., ≥ 11 s). Mobility limitation defined according to a previously suggested clinical cut-off for walking speed (i.e., < 0.8 m/s)
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*Chi2 test