Table 4.
Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics of the study sample by COVID-19 like symptoms (N = 904)
| < 70 years | p value* | ≥ 80 years | p value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 symptoms (n = 271) | ≥ 1 symptoms (n = 204) | 0 symptoms (n = 308) | ≥ 1 symptoms (n = 121) | |||
| Variables assessed at wave 6 (2016–2018) | ||||||
| Female, n (%) | 158 (58.3) | 130 (63.7) | 0.231 | 216 (70.1) | 83 (68.6) | 0.756 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| Elementary/high school | 93 (34.3) | 59 (28.9) | 0.212 | 163 (52.9) | 67 (55.4) | 0.647 |
| University | 178 (65.7) | 145 (71.1) | 145 (47.1) | 54 (44.6) | ||
| ≥ 1 cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 34 (12.6) | 27 (13.2) | 0.824 | 128 (41.6) | 55 (45.6) | 0.463 |
| ≥ 1 neuropsychiatric disease, n (%) | 65 (24.0) | 61 (29.9) | 0.148 | 74 (24.0) | 29 (24.0) | 0.990 |
| ≥ 1 musculoskeletal disease, n (%) | 120 (44.3) | 98 (48.0) | 0.416 | 222 (72.1) | 98 (81.0) | 0.056 |
| COPD, n (%) | 6 (2.2) | 8 (3.9) | 0.276 | 22 (7.1) | 14 (11.6) | 0.137 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 21 (7.8) | 15 (7.4) | 0.872 | 34 (11.0) | 15 (12.4) | 0.691 |
| Other respiratory diseases, n (%) | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.5) | 0.725 | 4 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.682 |
| Poor muscle strength, n (%) | 74 (27.3) | 63 (30.9) | 0.394 | 213 (69.2) | 101 (83.5) | 0.003 |
| Mobility limitation, n (%) | 6 (2.2) | 12 (5.9) | 0.038 | 92 (29.9) | 36 (29.8) | 0.981 |
| Variables assessed during the telephone interview (May–September 2020) | ||||||
| Living alone, n (%) | 90 (33.2) | 84 (41.2) | 0.074 | 200 (64.8) | 78 (64.5) | 0.927 |
| Location where most time spent (since March), n (%) | ||||||
| Home/with relatives | 264 (99.2) | 198 (99) | 0.406 | 285 (93.8) | 111 (92.5) | 0.641 |
| Senior, service, nursing housing/hospital/rehab | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.0) | 19 (6.3) | 9 (7.5) | ||
| Frequency of going out (since March), n (%) | ||||||
| Everyday | 240 (88.9) | 175 (86.6) | 0.491 | 199 (65.9) | 69 (57.0) | 0.164 |
| ≥ 1 per week | 27 (10.0) | 22 (10.9) | 70 (23.2) | 32 (26.5) | ||
| < 1 per week/ never | 3 (1.1) | 5 (2.5) | 33 (10.9) | 20 (16.5) | ||
| Use of public transport (since March), n (%) | ||||||
| ≥ 1 per week | 35 (13.0) | 43 (21.2) | 0.054 | 34 (11.3) | 10 (8.3) | 0.131 |
| 2–3 times per month | 25 (9.3) | 19 (9.4) | 26 (8.7) | 18 (14.9) | ||
| < 2 times per month/never | 210 (77.8) | 141 (69.5) | 240 (80.0) | 93 (76.9) | ||
Poor muscle strength defined as a chair stand test time below the median of the distribution (i.e., ≥ 11 s). Mobility limitation defined according to a previously suggested clinical cut-off for walking speed (i.e., < 0.8 m/s)
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*Chi2 test