Table 1.

Tissue engineering-based applications of IGF-1

Growth factors	Scaffolds	Cells	Effect	References
IGF-1/BMP-2	Fibrin glue	Mesenchymal cells isolated from rib perichondrium	Infecting mesenchymal stem cells with the adenoviral vectors AdBMP-2 and AdIGF-1 to induce transparent cartilage repair	[16]
IGF-1/TGF-β	Polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds	Chondrocytes	The presence of IGF-1/TGF-β,or genetically modified chondrocytes overexpressing IGF-1 significantly improved osteochondral repair	[46, 48]
IGF-1	Type II collagen glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffold	Adult articular chondrocytes	Continuous local overexpression of IGF-1 leads to enhanced cartilage formation	[49]
IGF-1/BMP-2	Bilayered oligo (poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) hydrogel composites	Mesenchymal stem cells	IGF-1 and BMP-2 can synergistically enhance the formation of subchondral bone, and the delivery of IGF-1 alone has a positive effect on the repair of osteochondral tissue	[50, 51]