Table 2.
Sub-group analysis of the pooled prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Nigeria
| Sub-group variables | Variable category | Included studies | Prevalence % (95% CI) | I2% | p-heterogeneity | p-difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study group | Blood donor | 4 | 13.2 (9.7–17.8) | 72.5 | 0.012 | 0.129 |
| Pregnant women | 17 | 7.7 (5.8–10.2) | 90.1 | p < 0.001 | ||
| HIV positive | 7 | 9.9 (6.7–14.4) | 88.6 | p < 0.001 | ||
| HIV positive pregnant women | 2 | 7.0 (2.4–18.7) | 93.3 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Others | 17 | 10.8 (8.6–13.5) | 91.1 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Mean methodological quality | JBI ≤ 6 | 9 | 9.1 (6.0–13.4) | 92.7 | p < 0.001 | 0.795 |
| JBI > 6 | 38 | 9.6 (8.1–11.3) | 91.0 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Region/ zone | North West | 7 | 12.1 (7.2–19.6) | 93.3 | p < 0.001 | 0.005 |
| North East | 1 | 7.1 (5.0–10.0) | NA | 1.0 | ||
| South West | 15 | 9.7 (7.1–13.1) | 94.3 | p < 0.001 | ||
| South East | 6 | 5.9 (3.8–9.2) | 76.7 | p < 0.001 | ||
| South South | 6 | 7.1 (4.9–10.0) | 73.6 | 0.002 | ||
| North Central | 10 | 11.2 (8.5–14.7) | 89.6 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Mixed | 2 | 11.6 (10.0–13.5) | 5.0 | 0.305 | ||
| Year of publication | 2010–2014 | 18 | 10.1 (7.9–13.0) | 92.6 | p < 0.001 | 0.467 |
| 2015–2019 | 29 | 9.0 (7.4–11.0) | 90.4 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Method of diagnosis | ELISA | 21 | 10.0 (7.8–12.6) | 93.2 | p < 0.001 | 0.066 |
| RDT | 20 | 8.4 (6.5–10.6) | 90.7 | p < 0.001 | ||
| PCR | 1 | 8.3 (5.1–13.4) | NA | NA | ||
| EIA | 4 | 11.9 (8.4–16.7) | 75.6 | 0.006 | ||
| ICT | 1 | 17.2 (10.81–26.3) | NA | NA | ||
| Setting | Rural | 4 | 10.7 (5.01–21.4) | 94.3 | p < 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Urban | 31 | 8.2 (6.9– 9.9) | 88.0 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Mixed | 12 | 12.6 (10.3–15.3) | 86.9 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Age | ≤ 17 | 6 | 11.4 (7.5–17.1) | 87.2 | p < 0.001 | 0.140 |
| > 17 | 12 | 12.7 (8.4–18.8) | 94.2 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Mixed | 23 | 8.2 (6.8–10.0) | 90.8 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Not stated | 6 | 7.8 (5.5–10.9) | 73.2 | 0.002 |
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PCR polymerase chain reaction, ICT immunochromatography, EIA enzyme immunoassay, RDT rapid diagnostic test