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. 2021 Oct 30;14:145. doi: 10.1186/s13048-021-00883-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 12 — Upper panel: Flow cytometry studies to enumerate very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in chemoablated testis with and without FSH treatment (10 IU). VSELs were studied as small-sized (2–6 μm), LIN−/CD45−/SCA-1+ cells. VSELs survived in chemoablated testes (0.045 + 0.008% of total cells) and further increased after FSH treatment (0.1 + 0.03%) [51]. Lower panel: Immuno-phenotyping studies for OCT-4, PCNA and FSHR positive cells in chemoablated testes with and without rFSH (10 IU) treatment. FSH resulted in increased numbers of OCT-4 (from 1.34 to 2.61%), PCNA (from 1.43 to 6.8%) and FSHR (from 1.8 to 4.5%) positive stem cells. FSH exerts a direct stimulatory effect on testicular OCT-4 positive stem cells since they express FSHR [52]