Table 2.

Some resources and features of stem cells which contribute in endometrium regeneration

Stem cell	Major source	Properties	References
BMSCs	Bone marrow	Multi-potent, highly proliferative, good migration ability, self-renewing, immunomodulatory properties	[46, 47]
Autologous adult stem cells	Bone marrow	Donor-derived bone marrow cells have been identified in human uterine endometrium (both stromal and epithelial cells were derived from bone marrow origin). It is unknown whether these cells originate from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells or circulating endometrial cells originally derived from the endometrium and harbored in bone marrow	[48]
eMSCs	Endometrium	Multi-potent, highly proliferative, self-renewing; coexpression of CD140b (PDGFR-β) and CD146, or expression perivascular markers SUSD2 (W5C5 antibody) SUSD2	[49–51]
ESP	Endometrium	Heterogeneous, presumably containing stem/progenitor cells of each endometrial cell lineage; produce endometrial endothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells in vitro and in vivo	[49, 52, 53]
UC-MSCs	Umbilical cord	Derived from the mesoderm in early development; low immunogenicity; multi-potent cells; high self-renewal ability; multi-differentiation; high proliferative potential	[54–56]
ADSCs	Adipose tissue	Abundant sources; easy sampling; self-renewal; multi-potential differentiation; strong proliferation ability	[57–61]
ESCs	Embryo	Pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst; high telomerase activity; significant long-term proliferation potential	[62, 63]
ASCs	Amniotic membrane	Inflammatory suppression, angiogenesis promotion, anti-oxidative stress	[64, 69]