Table 3.
Comparison of parameters of upper body posture and “BMI,” coding of effect size of eta2: 1 = 0.01 small effect, 2 = 0.06 medium effect, 3 = 0.14 large effect. Significant p values in bold, shaded gray, and marked with an asterisk
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter |
1. Group normal n = 12 |
2. Group pre-adipose n = 72 |
3. Group obese n = 17 |
|||||
| p value | eta2 | Med. | Min./Max. | Med. | Min./Max. | Med. | Min./Max. | |
| Spine parameter | ||||||||
| Trunk length D (mm) | 0.01* | 0.10 2 | 457.85 | 421.22/510.19 | 482.71 | 416.43/555.56 | 467.66 | 405.02/539.99 |
| Trunk length S (mm) | 0.07 | 0.05 1 | 503.63 | 470.40/554.39 | 529.55 | 479.19/597.88 | 519.96 | 467.23/606.26 |
| Sagittal trunk decline (°) | 0.01* | 0.10 2 | − 1.29 | − 4.96/6.40 | − 2.84 | − 8.70 /3.75 | − 5.55 | − 7.67/1.78 |
| Frontal trunk decline (°) | 0.26 | 0.03 1 | − 0.81 | − 4.22/2.73 | − 0.25 | − 2.80/2.65 | − 0.49 | − 3.82/1.22 |
| Axis decline (°) | 0.44 | 0.02 1 | − 2.04 | − 4.42/2.63 | − 0.97 | − 5.42/4.10 | − 0.84 | − 4.07/2.22 |
| Thoracic bending angle (°) | 0.56 | 0.01 1 | 16.16 | 6.18/20.22 | 15.49 | 5.84/27.92 | 17.15 | 9.14/21.32 |
| Lumar bending angle (°) | 0.71 | 0.01 1 | 11.71 | 6.31/18.40 | 11.14 | 5.48/19.21 | 10.77 | 7.86/14.47 |
| Standard deviation Lateral deviation (°) | 0.60 | 0.01 1 | 4.77 | 2.12/11.89 | 4.71 | 1.21/10.66 | 4.55 | 1.44/11.60 |
| Standard deviation Rotation (°) | 0.07 | 0.05 1 | 3.69 | 1.09/8.47 | 3.79 | 1.40/15.94 | 2.22 | 0.73/8.49 |
| Kyphosis angle (°) | 0.28 | 0.03 1 | 52.86 | 35.97/71.59 | 51.14 | 32.30/78.58 | 55.56 | 37.52/66.87 |
| Lordosis angle (°) | 0.31 | 0.02 1 | 27.96 | 18.07/39.52 | 32.08 | 19.29/56.34 | 31.76 | 19.06/47.54 |
| Pelvis parameter | ||||||||
| Pelvic distance (mm) | 0.01* | 0.11 2 | 127.25 | 102.83/156.56 | 124.97 | 82.48/169.19 | 137.84 | 113.16/174.12 |
| Pelvic height (°) | 0.79 | 0.01 1 | − 0.45 | − 3.86/1.63 | − 0.65 | − 4.90/4.21 | − 0.40 | − 2.72/2.51 |
| Pelvic height (mm) | 0.79 | 0.01 1 | − 0.96 | − 9.19/4.44 | − 1.55 | − 9.46/10.51 | − 0.84 | − 6.70/5.72 |
| Pelvic torsion (°) | 0.99 | 0.001 1 | 2.47 | − 10.53/5.93 | 1.69 | − 15.99/20.61 | 1.60 | − 15.90/16.70 |
| Pelvic rotation (°) | 0.14 | 0.04 1 | − 0.55 | − 7.03/6.16 | 0.91 | − 8.52/14.02 | − 0.19 | − 6.55/2.56 |
| Shoulder parameter | ||||||||
| Scapular distance (mm) | 0.01* | 0.10 2 | 174.93 | 128.67/205.27 | 184.57 | 118.17/233.93 | 205.72 | 158.31/248.18 |
| Scapular height (°) | 0.69 | 0.01 1 | − 6.03 | − 15.27/10.36 | − 4.05 | − 19.79/12.02 | − 5.05 | − 11.32/14.39 |
| Scapular rotation (°) | 0.20 | 0.03 1 | 0.40 | − 3.37/6.71 | 1.07 | − 5.43/8.16 | − 0.13 | − 6.41/6.60 |
| Left scapular angle (°) | 0.02* | 0.08 2 | 29.94 | 26.12/35.94 | 26.31 | 16.92/51.09 | 25.83 | 11.18/71.23 |
| Right scapular angle (°) | 0.01* | 0.09 2 | 31.70 | 26.09/57.99 | 28.08 | 15.64/50.10 | 25.04 | 12.85/34.33 |