Table 2.

Tissue engineering-based pre-vascularization strategies

Mechanical stimulation
Biomaterial	Cell type	Strategy	Application	Reference
Collagen hydrogel	Rat microvessel fragments	Static external loader cyclic external load	Angiogenic microvessel	Krishnan et al. (2008)
Fibrin gel	Human blood outgrowth endothelial cells	Cell-induced gel compaction	Aligned microvessels	Morin et al. (2013); Herrera-Vizcaíno et al. (2019)
Electrical stimulation
Biomaterial	Cell type	Strategy	Application	Reference
Matrigel	Human mammary epithelial cells, HUVECs	DC electric field	Directional migration of cells	Bai et al. (2004)
Surface topography
Biomaterial	Cell type	Strategy	Application	Reference
Silk fibroin and fibrin	HUVECs + human foreskin fibroblasts	3D porous scaffolds	Capillary‐like structure formation	Samal et al. (2015)
Silk fibroin fibers in poly (d,l-lactic acid) porous scaffolds	Human endothelial cells	3D salt-leached scaffolds	In vitro endothelial and to promote vascularization in vivo	Stoppato et al. (2013)
Gelatin methacrylate hydrogels	Human blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells	3D porous scaffolds	The functional human vascular network	Chen et al. (2012)
Silk fibroin	Human microvascular endothelial and osteoblast cells	3D fibrous scaffolds	Anastomosis of neo-microcapillaries with the host vasculature	Unger et al. 92010)
Collagen	Endothelial colony-forming cells and endothelial progenitor cells	3D fibrous scaffolds (varied collagen concentration)	Guiding in vivo vascularization	Critser et al. (2010)
Decellularized fibroblasts derived ECM	Human mesenchymal stem cells	3D nanofibrous scaffolds	Engineering organized tissues	Xing et al. (2014)