Table 4.
Correlates of intrahousehold measures of empowerment (dual-headed households only), Bangladesh
| Gender parity achieved=1a | Whether man more empowered (=1)b | Whether woman more empowered (=1)b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Value chain and market participation characteristics | |||
| Household type (ref. = household is a producer) | |||
| Household is an entrepreneur (=1) | −0.207*** | 0.212*** | −0.086*** |
| (0.040) | (0.035) | (0.020) | |
| Household is a wage earner (=1) | −0.266*** | 0.357*** | −0.151*** |
| (0.037) | (0.034) | (0.028) | |
| Individual and household characteristics | |||
| Highest educational level, male respondent | −0.003 | 0.003 | −0.006 |
| (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.005) | |
| Highest educational level, female respondent | 0.001 | −0.008 | 0.001 |
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.006) | |
| Married (=1), male respondent | 0.124 | −0.002 | 0.044 |
| (0.102) | (0.141) | (0.088) | |
| Married (=1), female respondent | 0.100 | −0.141 | 1.007*** |
| (0.137) | (0.192) | (0.161) | |
| Age (years), male respondent | −0.000 | 0.006 | −0.006 |
| (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.008) | |
| Age (years), female respondent | 0.031* | −0.046*** | 0.010 |
| (0.017) | (0.014) | (0.009) | |
| Age squared, male respondent | −0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
| Age squared, female respondent | −0.000 | 0.001*** | −0.000 |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
| Household size | −0.001 | −0.002 | −0.002 |
| (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.005) | |
| Household received cash assistance/transfer (=1) | 0.036 | −0.017 | −0.037* |
| (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.020) | |
| Household received in-kind assistance/transfer (=1) | −0.038 | −0.039 | −0.005 |
| (0.036) | (0.037) | (0.020) | |
| Asset/wealth quintile (ref = poorest) | |||
| Quintile 2 | −0.016 | 0.003 | −0.051* |
| (0.038) | (0.049) | (0.027) | |
| Quintile 3 | −0.065 | 0.055 | −0.040 |
| (0.042) | (0.051) | (0.027) | |
| Quintile 4 | −0.092** | 0.119** | −0.037 |
| (0.042) | (0.055) | (0.027) | |
| Quintile 5 (Richest) | −0.201*** | 0.265*** | −0.055 |
| (0.044) | (0.064) | (0.035) | |
| Constant | |||
| Observations | 1069 | 1059 | 1059 |
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.121 | 0.127 | 0.127 |
| Households in which empowerment scores are equal (% of total) | 426 (40.19) | ||
| Households in which man is more empowered (% of total) | 559 (52.74) | ||
| Households in which woman is more empowered (% of total) | 75 (7.08) | ||
aGender parity is defined as the woman being equally or more empowered than the primary male adult in the household; estimated using logit
bEstimated using multinomial logit, with base defined as households where woman and man are equally empowered
Note: Marginal effects reported, standard errors in parentheses. (=1) represents dummy variables and coefficients denote the effect of a discrete change in the dummy variable from 0 to 1
* p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
See notes to Table 3