Table 6.
Correlates of intrahousehold measures of empowerment, (dual-adult households only), Philippines
| Whether gender parity is achieved (=1) a | Whether man is more empowered (=1)b | Whether woman is more empowered (=1)b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Value chain and market participation characteristics | |||
| Man’s participation in different nodes of the VC (reference = production) | |||
| Processing | 0.032 | −0.358 | −0.564 |
| (0.070) | (0.599) | (0.550) | |
| Trading | −0.269** | 1.416** | 0.049 |
| (0.126) | (0.629) | (0.584) | |
| Woman’s participation in different nodes of the VC (reference = production) | |||
| Processing | −0.039 | 0.352 | 0.399 |
| (0.077) | (0.599) | (0.551) | |
| Trading | 0.181*** | −1.517** | −0.164 |
| (0.053) | (0.634) | (0.574) | |
| Main VC (reference = seaweed) | |||
| Abaca | −0.051 | 0.374* | 0.283 |
| (0.036) | (0.222) | (0.220) | |
| Coconut | 0.021 | −0.143 | −0.008 |
| (0.035) | (0.243) | (0.236) | |
| Swine | −0.045 | 0.278 | 0.019 |
| (0.038) | (0.237) | (0.233) | |
| Other market participation | |||
| Man respondent participated in non-farm activities (=1) | 0.058* | −0.430* | −0.097 |
| (0.034) | (0.243) | (0.230) | |
| Woman respondent participated in non-farm activities (=1) | −0.013 | 0.183 | 0.291 |
| (0.035) | (0.230) | (0.221) | |
| Man respondent participated in wage employment (=1) | 0.046* | −0.372** | −0.259 |
| (0.025) | (0.170) | (0.166) | |
| Woman respondent participated in wage employment (=1) | 0.038 | −0.217 | 0.071 |
| (0.027) | (0.190) | (0.176) | |
| Individual and household characteristics | |||
| Household size | 0.003 | −0.027 | −0.034 |
| (0.006) | (0.040) | (0.039) | |
| Highest educational level of man respondent | −0.008 | 0.034 | −0.092* |
| (0.008) | (0.050) | (0.051) | |
| Highest educational level of woman respondent | 0.015* | −0.088* | 0.012 |
| (0.008) | (0.053) | (0.050) | |
| Age of man respondent (years) | −0.002 | 0.012 | −0.014 |
| (0.002) | (0.012) | (0.011) | |
| Age of woman respondent (years) | 0.003* | −0.020* | −0.004 |
| (0.002) | (0.012) | (0.011) | |
| Man respondent has access to extension services (=1) | −0.066** | 0.281* | −0.521*** |
| (0.027) | (0.167) | (0.176) | |
| Woman respondent has access to extension services (=1) | 0.052** | −0.320* | 0.095 |
| (0.025) | (0.177) | (0.171) | |
| Man respondent has access to community programs (=1) | 0.030 | −0.268 | −0.322* |
| (0.030) | (0.188) | (0.180) | |
| Woman respondent has access to community programs (=1) | −0.063** | 0.400* | −0.143 |
| (0.028) | (0.213) | (0.199) | |
| Asset/wealth quintile † (reference = poorest quintile) | |||
| Asset quintile 2 | −0.025 | 0.174 | 0.097 |
| (0.039) | (0.249) | (0.237) | |
| Asset quintile 3 | −0.064 | 0.466* | 0.306 |
| (0.043) | (0.258) | (0.249) | |
| Asset quintile 4 | −0.043 | 0.287 | 0.109 |
| (0.042) | (0.264) | (0.257) | |
| Asset quintile 5 (richest) | −0.027 | 0.131 | −0.133 |
| (0.045) | (0.283) | (0.278) | |
| Constant | −0.491 | 0.688 | |
| (0.613) | (0.587) | ||
| Observations (total number of households) | 1134 | 1134 | |
| Households in which empowerment scores are equal (% of total) | 664 (58.6) | ||
| Households in which man is more empowered (% of total) | 230 (20.2) | ||
| Households in which woman is more empowered (% of total) | 240 (21.2) | ||
| Pseudo R-squared | 0.036 | 0.036 | |
Source: Malapit et al. (2020)
aGender parity is defined as the woman being equally or more empowered than the main man in the household; estimated using logistic regression
bEstimated using multinomial logit, with base defined as households where woman and man are equally empowered. Marginal effects reported, standard errors in parentheses. (=1) represents dummy variables and coefficients denote the effect of a discrete change in the dummy variable from 0 to 1
* p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. p < 0.01
See additional notes to Table 4